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Tecik M, Adan A. Emerging DNA Methylome Targets in FLT3-ITD-Positive Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Combination Therapy with Clinically Approved FLT3 Inhibitors. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2024; 25:719-751. [PMID: 38696033 PMCID: PMC11222205 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-024-01202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation of the FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3-ITD) is the most common mutation observed in approximately 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. It represents poor prognosis due to continuous activation of downstream growth-promoting signaling pathways such as STAT5 and PI3K/AKT. Hence, FLT3 is considered an attractive druggable target; selective small FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3Is), such as midostaurin and quizartinib, have been clinically approved. However, patients possess generally poor remission rates and acquired resistance when FLT3I used alone. Various factors in patients could cause these adverse effects including altered epigenetic regulation, causing mainly abnormal gene expression patterns. Epigenetic modifications are required for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation; however, critical driver mutations have been identified in genes controlling DNA methylation (such as DNMT3A, TET2, IDH1/2). These regulators cause leukemia pathogenesis and affect disease diagnosis and prognosis when they co-occur with FLT3-ITD mutation. Therefore, understanding the role of different epigenetic alterations in FLT3-ITD AML pathogenesis and how they modulate FLT3I's activity is important to rationalize combinational treatment approaches including FLT3Is and modulators of methylation regulators or pathways. Data from ongoing pre-clinical and clinical studies will further precisely define the potential use of epigenetic therapy together with FLT3Is especially after characterized patients' mutational status in terms of FLT3 and DNA methlome regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Tecik
- Bioengineering Program, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aysun Adan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Zippel S, Dilger N, Chatterjee C, Raic A, Brenner-Weiß G, Schadzek P, Rapp BE, Lee-Thedieck C. A parallelized, perfused 3D triculture model of leukemia for in vitro drug testing of chemotherapeutics. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35472717 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac6a7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia patients undergo chemotherapy to combat the leukemic cells (LCs) in the bone marrow. During therapy not only the LCs, but also the blood-producing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) may be destroyed. Chemotherapeutics targeting only the LCs are urgently needed to overcome this problem and minimize life-threatening side-effects. Predictive in vitro drug testing systems allowing simultaneous comparison of various experimental settings would enhance the efficiency of drug development. Here, we present a 3D human leukemic bone marrow model perfused using a magnetic, parallelized culture system to ensure media exchange. Chemotherapeutic treatment of the acute myeloid leukemia cell line KG-1a in 3D magnetic hydrogels seeded with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) revealed a greater resistance of KG-1a compared to 2D culture. In 3D tricultures with HSPCs, MSCs and KG-1a, imitating leukemic bone marrow, HSPC proliferation decreased while KG-1a cells remained unaffected post treatment. Non-invasive metabolic profiling enabled continuous monitoring of the system. Our results highlight the importance of using biomimetic 3D platforms with proper media exchange and co-cultures for creating in vivo-like conditions to enable in vitro drug testing. This system is a step towards drug testing in biomimetic, parallelized in vitro approaches, facilitating the discovery of new anti-leukemic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Zippel
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, GERMANY
| | - Nadine Dilger
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz University Hanover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, GERMANY
| | - Chandralekha Chatterjee
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, GERMANY
| | - Annamarija Raic
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, GERMANY
| | - Gerald Brenner-Weiß
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden-Württemberg, 76344, GERMANY
| | - Patrik Schadzek
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graded Implants and Regenerative Strategies, OE 8893, Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Hannover Medical School, Stadtfelddamm 34, Hannover, Niedersachsen, 30625, GERMANY
| | - Bastian E Rapp
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, 79110, GERMANY
| | - Cornelia Lee-Thedieck
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, GERMANY
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