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Muniyan S, Pothuraju R, Seshacharyulu P, Batra SK. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in cancer: Beyond the cellular phenotype. Cancer Lett 2022; 536:215664. [PMID: 35351601 PMCID: PMC9088220 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite technological advances in diagnostic abilities and improved treatment methods, the burden of cancers remains high, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. One primary reason is that cancer cell secretory factors modulate the tumor microenvironment, supporting tumor growth and circumvents anticancer activities of conventional therapies. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) is a pleiotropic cytokine elevated in various cancers. MIC-1 regulates various cancer hallmarks, including sustained proliferation, tumor-promoting inflammation, avoiding immune destruction, inducing invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and resisting cell death. Despite these facts, the molecular regulation and downstream signaling of MIC-1 in cancer remain elusive, partly because its receptor (GFRAL) was unknown until recently. Binding of MIC-1 to GFRAL recruits the coreceptor tyrosine kinase RET to execute its downstream signaling. So far, studies have shown that GFRAL expression is restricted to the brain stem and is responsible for MIC-1/GFRAL/RET-mediated metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, abundant levels of MIC-1 expression have been reported in all cancer types and have been proposed as a surrogate biomarker. Given the ubiquitous expression of MIC-1 in cancers, it is crucial to understand both upstream regulation and downstream MIC-1/GFRAL/RET signaling in cancer hallmark traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Vittori C, Jeansonne D, Yousefi H, Faia C, Lin Z, Reiss K, Peruzzi F. Mechanisms of miR-3189-3p-mediated inhibition of c-MYC translation in triple negative breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:204. [PMID: 35642054 PMCID: PMC9158314 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the lack of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2. Our lab previously characterized miR-3189-3p as a microRNA with potent anti-cancer activity against glioblastoma. Here, we hypothesized a similar activity in TNBC cells. As miR-3189-3p is predicted to target a variety of RNA binding proteins, we further hypothesized an inhibitory effect of this miRNA on protein synthesis. METHODS MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were used to investigate the effect of miR-3189-3p on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. TGCA database was used to analyze the expression of miR-3189-3p, c-MYC, 4EPB1, and eIF4E in breast cancer. Western blotting and RT-qPCR assays were used to assess the expression of selected proteins and RNAs after transfections. RESULTS Although c-MYC is not a predicted gene target for miR-3189-3p, we discovered that c-MYC protein is downregulated in miRNA-treated TNBC cells. We found that the downregulation of c-MYC by miR-3189-3p occurs in both normal growth conditions and in the absence of serum. The mechanism involved the direct inhibition of eIF4EBP1 by miR-3189-3p. Additionally, we found that miR-3189-3p could negatively affect cap-independent translation mediated by internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) or by m6A. Finally, miR-3189-3p sensitized TNBC cells to doxorubicin. CONCLUSION Overall, results indicated that miR-3189-3p exerts its anti-tumor activity through targeting translational regulatory proteins leading to an impairment in c-MYC translation, and possibly other oncogenic factors, suggesting that miR-3189-3p, alone or in combination, could be a valuable therapeutic approach against a malignancy with few treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Vittori
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Duane Jeansonne
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hassan Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 533 Bolivar St., New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Celeste Faia
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zhen Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Krzysztof Reiss
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Francesca Peruzzi
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Wang X, He MJ, Chen XJ, Bai YT, Zhou G. Glaucocalyxin A impairs tumor growth via amplification of the ATF4/CHOP/CHAC1 cascade in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 290:115100. [PMID: 35151835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The natural extract glaucocalyxin A (GLA), purified from the aboveground sections of the Chinese traditional medicinal herb Rabdosia japonica (Burm. f.) Hara var. glaucocalyx (Maxim.) Hara, has various pharmacological benefits, such as anti-bacterial, anti-coagulative, anti-neoplastic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Although GLA has shown anti-tumor activity against various cancers, the therapeutic potential and biological mechanisms of GLA remain to be further explored in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to elucidate the therapeutic potential and regulatory mechanisms of GLA in OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cell proliferation and apoptosis effects of GLA were analyzed by CCK-8, clone formation, Annexin V/PI staining, and apoptotic protein expression in vitro. An OSCC xenograft model was applied to confirm the anti-neoplastic effect in vivo. Furthermore, the changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by DCFH-DA probe and GSH/GSSG assay, and inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD(OMe)-FMK and the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The modulation of GLA on mitochondria and ER-dependent apoptosis pathways was analyzed by JC-1 probe, quantitative real-time PCR, and Western blot. Finally, public databases, clinical samples, and transfection cells were analyzed to explore the importance of GLA's indirect targeting molecule CHAC1 in OSCC. RESULTS GLA significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. GLA perturbed the redox homeostasis, and cell apoptosis was totally rescued by Z-VAD(OMe)-FMK and NAC. Furthermore, GLA activated the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Simultaneously, the overexpression and knockdown of CHAC1 dramatically affected GLA-mediated apoptosis. The endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated ATF4/CHOP signal was identified to participate in GLA-upregulated CHAC1 expression. Finally, we found that CHAC1 expression was lower in OSCC compared with normal tissues and positively correlated with 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) level. High CHAC1 expression also indicated better overall survival. Moreover, CHAC1 selectively regulated the viability of oral cancer cells. CONCLUSION GLA is a promising therapeutic agent that activates the ROS-mediated ATF4/CHOP/CHAC1 axis in OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Ming-Jing He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Yu-Ting Bai
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China.
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4
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He S, Zhang M, Ye Y, Zhuang J, Ma X, Song Y, Xia W. ChaC glutathione specific γ-glutamylcyclotransferase 1 inhibits cell viability and increases the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to docetaxel by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and ferroptosis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:997. [PMID: 34345279 PMCID: PMC8311285 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effects and mechanism of ChaC glutathione specific γ-glutamylcyclotransferase 1 (CHAC1) on cell viability and the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to docetaxel. Compared with non-tumor human prostate epithelial RWPE-1 cells, the mRNA and protein levels of CHAC1 significantly decreased in two prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and 22RV1, as measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis (P<0.05). The cell viability and glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly inhibited in prostate cancer cells following overexpression of CHAC1 (P<0.01), while they were significantly increased in DU145 cells transfected with CHAC1 siRNA (P<0.05), but not in 22RV1 cells (P>0.05). The expression levels of several endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related factors were then measured by western blot analysis. Following transfection with plasmid overexpressing CHAC1, ER markers, BIP and CHOP levels, were significantly upregulated (P<0.01), while GSH co-treatment decreased this upregulation. In addition, CHAC1 protein levels were significantly upregulated in cells treated with a ferroptosis activator (P<0.05). A liperflo reagent was then used to determine intracellular lipid peroxide levels. The intracellular lipid peroxides levels were significantly increased following CHAC1-overexpression (P<0.05), while GPX4 protein levels were significantly decreased (P<0.01). The cell viability was significantly inhibited (P<0.001) even with 1 nM docetaxel (DTX) and a plasmid overexpressing CHAC1, while the effect of inhibition was not significant at 1 nM of DTX alone (P>0.05). This inhibition was also eliminated following the addition of a ferroptosis inhibitor. In summary, CHAC1 may inhibit cell viability and increase the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to DTX. The cellular mechanism may involve the induction of ER stress and ferroptosis. The results of the present study identified a potentially novel therapeutic target for prostate cancer, which may be useful in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei He
- Central Laboratory, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Ying Ye
- Central Laboratory, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Xing Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Song
- Central Laboratory, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
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Samanta S, Yang S, Debnath B, Xue D, Kuang Y, Ramkumar K, Lee AS, Ljungman M, Neamati N. The Hydroxyquinoline Analogue YUM70 Inhibits GRP78 to Induce ER Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1883-1895. [PMID: 33531374 PMCID: PMC8137563 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa) is a key regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling. Cancer cells are highly proliferative and have high demand for protein synthesis and folding, which results in significant stress on the ER. To respond to ER stress and maintain cellular homeostasis, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) that promotes either survival or apoptotic death. Cancer cells utilize the UPR to promote survival and growth. In this study, we describe the discovery of a series of novel hydroxyquinoline GRP78 inhibitors. A representative analogue, YUM70, inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and showed in vivo efficacy in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model with no toxicity to normal tissues. YUM70 directly bound GRP78 and inactivated its function, resulting in ER stress-mediated apoptosis. A YUM70 analogue conjugated with BODIPY showed colocalization of the compound with GRP78 in the ER. Moreover, a YUM70-PROTAC (proteolysis targeting chimera) was synthesized to force degradation of GRP78 in pancreatic cancer cells. YUM70 showed a strong synergistic cytotoxicity with topotecan and vorinostat. Together, our study demonstrates that YUM70 is a novel inducer of ER stress, with preclinical efficacy as a monotherapy or in combination with topoisomerase and HDAC inhibitors in pancreatic cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies a novel ER stress inducer that binds GRP78 and inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating its potential as a therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Samanta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Suhui Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bikash Debnath
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ding Xue
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yuting Kuang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kavya Ramkumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rogel Cancer Center, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Li D, Liu S, Xu J, Chen L, Xu C, Chen F, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Xia S, Shao Y, Wang Y. Ferroptosis-related gene CHAC1 is a valid indicator for the poor prognosis of kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:3610-3621. [PMID: 33728749 PMCID: PMC8034464 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the validity of CHAC1 for predicting the prognosis of kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) and to explore its therapeutic potential for KIRC, we conducted several bioinformatic analyses using the sequencing data and clinical information derived from online databases. We found CHAC1 is down‐regulated in KIRC samples when compared with normal samples but up‐regulated in KIRC samples with relatively higher malignancy and later stages. Univariate cox analysis and multivariate cox regression analysis were conducted and the results revealed up‐regulated CHAC1 is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis of KIRC. Further, the nomogram model based on the result of multivariate cox regression analysis was constructed and effectively predicted patients' 1‐year, 3‐year and 5‐year survival respectively. The correlation analyses showed CHAC1 is associated with the immune pathway markers of memory B cell, natural killer cell and type1 T helper cell as well as the checkpoint genes like ADORA2A, CD200, CD44, CD70, HHLA2, NRP1, PDCD1LG2 and TNFRSF18. Furthermore, experiments in vitro indicated CHAC1 could induce cell death in KIRC cell lines but had limited influence on cell migration and cell invasion. In conclusion, CHAC1 is found a valid indicator for poor prognosis of kidney renal clear cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Nursing Department, Wujiang Fifth People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoliang Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiteng Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijie Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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7
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Li S, Jia Y, Xue M, Hu F, Zheng Z, Zhang S, Ren S, Yang Y, Si Z, Wang L, Guan M, Xue Y. Inhibiting Rab27a in renal tubular epithelial cells attenuates the inflammation of diabetic kidney disease through the miR-26a-5p/CHAC1/NF-kB pathway. Life Sci 2020; 261:118347. [PMID: 32853650 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of exosomes on receptor cells participating in intercellular communication has been extensively studied, but the effect of exosomes on donor cells remains unclear. It has been reported that exosomes secreted by renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) under different stimuli accelerate acute and chronic kidney diseases. This study aimed to explore whether inhibiting exosomal secretion in PTECs by knocking out Rab27a, a key exosome regulatory gene, inhibits the excessive inflammatory response in PTECs and delays diabetic kidney disease (DKD). First, we proved that the bovine serum albumin (BSA)-induced inflammatory response in HK-2 cells was inhibited by knocking out Rab27a and that Rab27a, IL-6, TNF-α and COL-1 expression was markedly increased in an HFD/STZ-induced diabetic mouse model. Furthermore, miR-26a-5p expression in exosomes secreted by BSA-treated HK-2 cells was significantly increased but correspondingly decreased in the cells; after knocking out Rab27a, miR-26a-5p levels in the cells rebounded. Next, we confirmed that a miR-26a-5p mimic suppressed the inflammatory response, while a miR-26a-5p inhibitor accelerated the inflammatory response. Then, we found that miR-26a-5p targets the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of CHAC1. Furthermore, the inflammatory response and NF-κB signalling pathway activation induction by the miR-26a-5p inhibitor were abolished by CHAC1 knockout. Therefore, we conclude that inhibiting exosome secretion by BSA-induced PTECs promotes miR-26a-5p expression in cells, thereby inhibiting the CHAC1/NF-κB pathways to prevent the inflammatory response in PTECs and delaying the development of DKD. This study provides new insight into the pathogenic mechanism of exosomes and a new therapeutic target for DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijie Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zongji Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijing Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zekun Si
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiping Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoming Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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8
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Lockhart SM, Saudek V, O’Rahilly S. GDF15: A Hormone Conveying Somatic Distress to the Brain. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:bnaa007. [PMID: 32310257 PMCID: PMC7299427 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GDF15 has recently gained scientific and translational prominence with the discovery that its receptor is a GFRAL-RET heterodimer of which GFRAL is expressed solely in the hindbrain. Activation of this receptor results in reduced food intake and loss of body weight and is perceived and recalled by animals as aversive. This information encourages a revised interpretation of the large body of previous research on the protein. GDF15 can be secreted by a wide variety of cell types in response to a broad range of stressors. We propose that central sensing of GDF15 via GFRAL-RET activation results in behaviors that facilitate the reduction of exposure to a noxious stimulus. The human trophoblast appears to have hijacked this signal, producing large amounts of GDF15 from early pregnancy. We speculate that this encourages avoidance of potential teratogens in pregnancy. Circulating GDF15 levels are elevated in a range of human disease states, including various forms of cachexia, and GDF15-GFRAL antagonism is emerging as a therapeutic strategy for anorexia/cachexia syndromes. Metformin elevates circulating GDF15 chronically in humans and the weight loss caused by this drug appears to be dependent on the rise in GDF15. This supports the concept that chronic activation of the GDF15-GFRAL axis has efficacy as an antiobesity agent. In this review, we examine the science of GDF15 since its identification in 1997 with our interpretation of this body of work now being assisted by a clear understanding of its highly selective central site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Lockhart
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vladimir Saudek
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Tomonobu N, Komalasari NLGY, Sumardika IW, Jiang F, Chen Y, Yamamoto KI, Kinoshita R, Murata H, Inoue Y, Sakaguchi M. Xylitol acts as an anticancer monosaccharide to induce selective cancer death via regulation of the glutathione level. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 324:109085. [PMID: 32275922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines and their bioactive compounds are increasingly being recognized as useful drugs for cancer treatments. The parasitic fungus Cordyceps militaris is an attractive anticancer herbal since it shows very powerful anticancer activity due to its phytocompound cordycepin. We previously discovered and reported that a high amount of xylitol is present in Cordyceps militaris extract, and that xylitol unexpectedly showed anticancer activity in a cancer-selective manner. We thus hypothesized that xylitol could become a useful supplement to help prevent various cancers, if we can clarify the specific machinery by which xylitol induces cancer cell death. It is also unclear whether xylitol acts on cancer suppression in vivo as well as in vitro. Here we show for the first time that induction of the glutathione-degrading enzyme CHAC1 is the main cause of xylitol-induced apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. The induction of CHAC1 is required for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that is triggered by xylitol in cancer cells, and is linked to a second induction of oxidative stress in the treated cells, and eventually leads to apoptotic cell death. Our in vivo approach also demonstrated that an intravenous injection of xylitol had a tumor-suppressing effect in mice, to which the xylitol-triggered ER stress also greatly contributed. We also observed that xylitol efficiently sensitized cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Based on our findings, a chemotherapeutic strategy combined with xylitol might improve the outcomes of patients facing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahoko Tomonobu
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ni Luh Gede Yoni Komalasari
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, 80232, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Sumardika
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, 80232, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Youyi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Rie Kinoshita
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Murata
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Division of Molecular Science, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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