1
|
Xiao X, Tang T, Bi M, Liu J, Liu M, Jiao Q, Chen X, Yan C, Du X, Jiang H. GHSR deficiency exacerbates Parkinson's disease pathology by impairing autophagy. Redox Biol 2024; 76:103322. [PMID: 39180981 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), exogenous ghrelin protects dopaminergic neurons through its receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). However, in contrast to the strikingly low levels of ghrelin, GHSR is highly expressed in the substantia nigra (SN). What role does GHSR play in dopaminergic neurons is unknown. In this study, using GHSR knockout mice (Ghsr-/- mice) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD model, we found that GHSR deletion aggravated dopaminergic neurons degeneration, and the expression and activity of GHSR were significantly reduced in PD. Furthermore, we explored the potential mechanism that GHSR deficiency aggregated PD-related neurodegeneration. We showed that DEPTOR, a subunit of mTORC1, was overexpressed in Ghsr-/- mice, positively regulating autophagy and enhancing autophagy initiation. The expression of lysosomal markers was abnormal, implying lysosomal dysfunction. As a result, the damaged mitochondria could not be effectively eliminated, which ultimately exacerbated the injury of nigral dopaminergic neurons. In particular, we demonstrated that DEPTOR could be transcriptionally regulated by KLF4. Specific knockdown of KLF4 in dopaminergic neurons effectively alleviated neurodegeneration in Ghsr-/- mice. In summary, our results suggested that endogenous GHSR deletion-compromised autophagy by impairing lysosomal function, is a key contributor to PD, which provided ideas for therapeutic approaches involving the manipulation of GHSR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mengru Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chunling Yan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines, Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Neurorehabilitation, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266113, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deng J, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Yu F. Ghrelin improves endothelial function and reduces blood pressure in Ang II-induced hypertensive mice: Role of AMPK. Clin Exp Hypertens 2023; 45:2208774. [PMID: 37149883 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2023.2208774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction is a major pathophysiology observed in hypertension. Ghrelin, a key regulator of metabolism, has been shown to play protective roles in cardiovascular system. However, whether it has the effect of improving endothelial function and lowering blood pressure in Ang II-induced hypertensive mice remains unclear. METHODS In this study, hypertension was induced by continuous infusion of Ang II with a subcutaneous osmotic pumps and ghrelin (30 μg/kg/day) was intraperitoneal injection for 4 weeks. Acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortae was measured on wire myograph and superoxide production in mouse aortae was assessed by fluorescence imaging. RESULTS We found that ghrelin had protective effects on Ang II-induced hypertension by inhibiting oxidative stress, increasing NO production, improving endothelial function, and lowering blood pressure. Furthermore, ghrelin activated AMPK signaling in Ang II-induced hypertension, leading to inhibition of oxidative stress. Compound C, a specific inhibitor of AMPK, reversed the protective effects of ghrelin on the reduction of oxidative stress, the improvement of endothelial function and the reduction of blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS our findings indicated that ghrelin protected against Ang II-induced hypertension by improving endothelial function and lowering blood pressure partly through activating AMPK signaling. Thus, ghrelin may be a valuable therapeutic strategy for hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Chongqing Liang Jiang New Area, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Songshan General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yindi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fadong Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang X, Zeng Z, Liu Y, Liu D. Emerging Relevance of Ghrelin in Programmed Cell Death and Its Application in Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17254. [PMID: 38139082 PMCID: PMC10743592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, comprising 28 amino acids, was initially discovered as a hormone that promotes growth hormones. The original focus was on the effects of ghrelin on controlling hunger and satiation. As the research further develops, the research scope of ghrelin has expanded to a wide range of systems and diseases. Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In recent years, substantial studies have demonstrated that ghrelin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and other effects, which could affect the signaling pathways of various kinds of programmed cell death (PCD) in treating diseases. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the function of ghrelin in different kinds of PCD have not been thoroughly illuminated. This review describes the relationship between ghrelin and four kinds of PCD (apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis) and then introduces the clinical applications based on the different features of ghrelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Xuefu Road, Nanchang 330001, China; (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zihan Zeng
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Xuefu Road, Nanchang 330001, China; (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yaning Liu
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Xuefu Road, Nanchang 330001, China; (X.Z.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharifhoseini A, Heshmati M, Soltani A, Entezam M, Shirzad H, Sedehi M, Judd BA, Jami MS, Ghatrehsamani M. Effects of bromodomain and extra-terminal inhibitor JQ1 and interleukin-6 on breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8319-8328. [PMID: 37589934 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins are recognized acetylated lysine of histone 4 and act as scaffolds to recruit many other proteins to promoters and enhancers of active genes, especially at the super-enhancers of key genes, driving the transcription process and have been identified as potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer. However, the efficacy of BET inhibitors such as JQ1 in breast cancer therapy is impeded by interleukin-6 (IL-6) through an as-yet-defined mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the interplay between IL-6 and JQ1 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The results demonstrate that the efficacy of JQ1 on the inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis was stronger in MDA-MB-231 cells than in MCF-7 cells. Further, MCF-7 cells, but not MDA-MB-231 cells, exhibited increased expression of CXCR4 following IL-6 treatment. JQ1 significantly reduced CXCR4 surface expression in both cell lines and diminished the effects of IL-6 pre-treatment on MCF-7 cells. While IL-6 suppressed the extension of breast cancer stem cells in MCF-7 cells, JQ1 impeded its inhibitory effect. In MCF-7 cells JQ1 increased the number of senescent cells in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Analysis of gene expression indicated that JQ1 and IL-6 synergistically increase SNAIL expression and decrease c-MYC expression in MCF-7 cells. So, the BET proteins are promising, novel therapeutic targets in late-stage breast cancers. BET inhibitors similar to JQ1 show promise as therapeutic candidates for breast cancers, especially when triple-negative breast cancer cells are increased and/or tumor-promoting factors like IL-6 exist in the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Sharifhoseini
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 88155-571, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Masoud Heshmati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 88155-571, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amin Soltani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 88155-571, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahshad Entezam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hedayatollah Shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 88155-571, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Morteza Sedehi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Babri A Judd
- Immunology Science Editors, Eden Prairie, MN, USA
| | - Mohammad-Saeid Jami
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mahdi Ghatrehsamani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 88155-571, Shahrekord, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma Y, Zhang H, Guo W, Yu L. Potential role of ghrelin in the regulation of inflammation. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22508. [PMID: 35983825 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200634r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several diseases are caused or progress due to inflammation. In the past few years, accumulating evidence suggests that ghrelin, a gastric hormone of 28-amino acid residue length, exerts protective effects against inflammation by modulating the related pathways. This review focuses on ghrelin's anti-inflammatory and potential therapeutic effects in neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and kidney disorders. Ghrelin significantly alleviates excessive inflammation and reduces damage to different target organs mainly by reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. Ghrelin also regulates inflammation and apoptosis through the p38 MAPK/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway; restores cerebral microvascular integrity, and attenuates vascular leakage. Ghrelin activates the phosphoInositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway and inhibits inflammatory responses in cardiovascular diseases and acute kidney injury. Some studies show that ghrelin exacerbates colonic and intestinal manifestations of colitis. Interestingly, some inflammatory states, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and chronic kidney disease, are often associated with high ghrelin levels. Thus, ghrelin may be a potential new therapeutic target for inflammation-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Department of Interventional Therapy of First Hospital of Jilin University, State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Department of Interventional Therapy of First Hospital of Jilin University, State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Department of Interventional Therapy of First Hospital of Jilin University, State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Department of Interventional Therapy of First Hospital of Jilin University, State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Deng D, Yan J, Li W, Wu Y, Wu K. Protective Effect of XinJiaCongRongTuSiZiWan on the Reproductive Toxicity of Female Rats Induced by Triptolide. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:3642349. [PMID: 35707471 PMCID: PMC9192320 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3642349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Although triptolide (TP) has been widely used for the treatment of inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, and various kinds of tumors, the long experimental and clinical applications have exhibited severe reproductive system toxicity in TP-treated animals and patients. More importantly, the underlying molecular mechanism involved in TP-induced reproductive system toxicity still needs more research. Methods Adult female Sprague Dawley rats and human ovarian granulosa cell lines were treated with TP and then treated with XinJiaCongRongTuSiZiWan (XJCRTSZW). Histological analysis and follicle count were executed using H&E staining. Hormone (E2, AMH, FSH, LH, and INH B) concentrations, inflammation indicators (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), oxidative stress indicators (SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA), apoptosis rate, protein distribution and expression (SIRT1, AMPK, and 8-OhdG), cell viability, relative protein levels (beclin-1, LC3-II/LC3-I, p62, procaspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, p-SIRT1, SIRT1, p-AMPKα-1, AMPKα-1, Akt, and p-Akt), autophagosome were detected by ELISA, commercial biochemical detection kits, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, CCK-8, western blotting, and transmission electron microscope, respectively. Results XJCRTSZW administration notably improved the TP-treated pathological symptoms, including few mature follicles in the ovary and less granular cell layer, and disordered the arrangement of the follicle, lymphocytes and plasma cells infiltration, and necrosis, shedding, and follicular cystic dilatation of the granular layer follicle cells in the ovarian stroma. Furthermore, XJCRTSZW treatment observably enhanced the TP-induced reduction of primary follicles and secondary follicles numbers and decreased the TP-induced elevation of atretic follicle numbers and the expression of AMPK, SIRT1, and 8-OhdG in GCs in vivo. Moreover, XJCRTSZW application significantly increased the TP-induced diminishment of E2, AMH, and LNH-B concentrations, apoptosis rate, SOD and GSH-Px concentrations, and p62 protein level; however, it declined the TP-induced augmentation of MDA level, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, autophagosome, beclin-1, LC3-II/LC3-I, cleaved-caspase-3, p-AMPKα-1, and p-SIRT1 protein levels both in vivo and in vitro. Besides, XJCRTSZW treatment prominently enhanced the TP-induced decrease of cell viability in vitro. Conclusion XJCRTSZW can alleviate TP-induced reproductive toxicity via apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, XJCRTSZW ameliorates TP-induced reproductive toxicity through AMPK/SIRT and Akt signaling axis mediated autophagy both in vivo and in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Disi Deng
- Department of Gynaecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Wanjing Li
- Department of Gynaecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Yeke Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Keming Wu
- Department of Gynaecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang F, Li Z, Zhou J, Wang G, Zhang W, Xu J, Liang A. SIRT1 regulates the phosphorylation and degradation of P27 by deacetylating CDK2 to promote T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:259. [PMID: 34407842 PMCID: PMC8371879 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite marked advances in the clinical therapies, clinical outcome of most T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients remains poor, due to the high risk of relapse, even after complete remission. Previous studies suggest that the NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has a dual role in hematologic malignancies, acting as a tumor suppressor or tumor promoter depending on the tumor type. However, little is known about the expression and functions of SIRT1 in T-ALL leukemogenesis. Methods Public RNA-seq data, a Notch1 driven T-ALL mouse model and γ-secretase inhibitor were used to identify SIRT1 expression in T-ALL. We knocked down SIRT1 expression with ShRNAs and assessed the impacts of SIRT1 deficiency on cell proliferation, colony formation, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Transgenic SIRT1 knockout mice were used to determine the function of SIRT1 in vivo. RT-PCR, western blot, co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination analyses were used to detect SIRT1, p27 and CDK2 expression and their interactions. Results SIRT1 protein expression was positively correlated with the activation of Notch1. Downregulation of SIRT1 expression suppressed the proliferation and colony formation of T-ALL cell lines, which was reversed by SIRT1 overexpression. SIRT1 silencing prolonged the lifespan of T-ALL model mice. We demonstrated that p27 was involved in the downstream mechanism of cell cycle arrest induced by silencing SIRT1. SIRT1 increased the phosphorylation of p27 on Thr187 by deacetylating CDK2 and enhanced the interaction between p27 and SKP2 leading to the degradation of p27. Conclusion Our findings suggest that SIRT1 is a promising target in T-ALL and offer a mechanistic link between the upregulation of SIRT1 and downregulation of p27. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-02071-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangce Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Xu
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aibin Liang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li B, Dou Z, Zhang L, Zhu L, Cao Y, Yu Q. Ghrelin Alleviates Intestinal Dysfunction in Sepsis Through the KLF4/MMP2 Regulatory Axis by Activating SIRT1. Front Immunol 2021; 12:646775. [PMID: 33968038 PMCID: PMC8102724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.646775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction is an important contributor to morbidity caused by sepsis. This study investigates the molecular mechanism by which Ghrelin affects intestinal dysfunction in rat model of sepsis. A rat model of sepsis was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), revealing that Ghrelin was downregulated when sepsis occurs. Increases in the levels of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1β), IL-6, gastrin, γ-H2AX and 8-OHdG was also detected in this model system, as was an overall increase in oxidative stress. Introduction of exogenous Ghrelin inhibited these increases in inflammatory response and oxidative stress, leading to a reduction of overall sepsis-induced intestinal dysfunction. Ghrelin was then shown to activate SIRT1 expression in vitro, while SIRT1 was found to co-express with KLF4, which in turn was predicted to bind to matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) promoter. Finally, gain- and loss-of-function experiment demonstrated that SIRT1 upregulated the expression of KLF4 to downregulate MMP2. Collectively, Ghrelin inhibits the oxidative stress and intestinal dysfunction to attenuate sepsis by activating SIRT1 and regulating a KLF4/MMP2 regulatory axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Critical Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Dou
- Department of Critical Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Critical Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Critical Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Cao
- Department of Critical Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Respiratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University (The First School of Clinical Medicine), Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hong Z, Wei Z, Xie T, Fu L, Sun J, Zhou F, Jamal M, Zhang Q, Shao L. Targeting chemokines for acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:48. [PMID: 33743810 PMCID: PMC7981899 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid hematopoietic precursors. It is regulated by various signaling molecules such as cytokines and adhesion molecules in its microenvironment. Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that regulate migration, positioning and interactions of cells. Many chemokine axes such as CXCL12/CXCR4 and CCL25/CCR9 have been proved to play important roles in leukemia microenvironment and further affect ALL outcomes. In this review, we summarize the chemokines that are involved in ALL progression and elaborate on their roles and mechanisms in leukemia cell proliferation, infiltration, drug resistance and disease relapse. We also discuss the potential of targeting chemokine axes for ALL treatments, since many related inhibitors have shown promising efficacy in preclinical trials, and some of them have entered clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Hong
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zimeng Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Fu
- The First Clinical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Jamal
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
He X, Yuan W, Liu F, Feng J, Guo Y. Acylated Ghrelin is Protective Against 6-OHDA-induced Neurotoxicity by Regulating Autophagic Flux. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:586302. [PMID: 33584263 PMCID: PMC7872958 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.586302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, and our previous study revealed that autophagic flux dysfunction contributes to the neuron death in 6-OHDA-induced PD models. Acylated ghrelin is a neuropeptide that has a variety of actions in the central nervous system. In the current study, we aimed to investigate whether ghrelin is neuroprotective in 6-OHDA-induced rat model and SH-SY5Y cell model and whether it is related to autophagic flux regulation. We observed that ghrelin could effectively reduce apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation in 6-OHDA-induced PD rats, preserve the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and increase the cell viability. It could upregulate the expression of autophagy related proteins like Atg7 and LC3-II and downregulate p62, and downregulate apoptosis related proteins like bax and cleaved caspase 3. SH-SY5Y cells transfected with adenovirus Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B further revealed that ghrelin could relieve the autophagic flux dysfunction induced by 6-OHDA. Lysotracker staining showed that ghrelin could reverse the decrease in lysosomes induced by 6-OHDA and immunofluorescence staining revealed a reverse of TFEB level in SH-SY5Y cells. Blocking autophagy activation with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) in rats treated with ghrelin and 6-OHDA showed no notable change in apoptosis-related markers, while blocking autophagosome fusion with lysosomes with chloroquine could notably reverse the downregulation of bax/bcl-2 ratio and cleaved caspase three expression by ghrelin. Additionally, knockdown ATG7, the upstream regulator of autophagy, with siRNA could further decrease the number of apoptotic cells in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 6-OHDA and treated with ghrelin, while knockdown TFEB, a key transcription factor for lysosome biosynthesis and function, with siRNA could completely abolish the anti-apoptosis effect of ghrelin. These data suggest that ghrelin is neuroprotective in 6-OHDA-induced PD models via improving autophagic flux dysfunction and restoration of TFEB level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanxia Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reich N, Hölscher C. Acylated Ghrelin as a Multi-Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:614828. [PMID: 33381011 PMCID: PMC7767977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.614828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much thought has been given to the impact of Amyloid Beta, Tau and Alpha-Synuclein in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the clinical failures of the recent decades indicate that there are further pathological mechanisms at work. Indeed, besides amyloids, AD and PD are characterized by the culminative interplay of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and hyperfission, defective autophagy and mitophagy, systemic inflammation, BBB and vascular damage, demyelination, cerebral insulin resistance, the loss of dopamine production in PD, impaired neurogenesis and, of course, widespread axonal, synaptic and neuronal degeneration that leads to cognitive and motor impediments. Interestingly, the acylated form of the hormone ghrelin has shown the potential to ameliorate the latter pathologic changes, although some studies indicate a few complications that need to be considered in the long-term administration of the hormone. As such, this review will illustrate the wide-ranging neuroprotective properties of acylated ghrelin and critically evaluate the hormone's therapeutic benefits for the treatment of AD and PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, A Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yuan XL, Li XQ, Xu K, Hou XD, Zhang ZF, Xue L, Liu XM, Zhang P. Transcriptome Profiling and Cytological Assessments for Identifying Regulatory Pathways Associated With Diorcinol N-Induced Autophagy in A3 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:570450. [PMID: 33178020 PMCID: PMC7593552 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.570450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites serve as a rich resource for exploring lead compounds with medicinal importance. Diorcinol N (DN), a fungal secondary metabolite isolated from an endophytic fungus, Arthrinium arundinis, exhibits robust anticancer activity. However, the anticancer mechanism of DN remains unclear. In this study, we examined the growth-inhibitory effect of DN on different human cancer cell lines. We found that DN decreased the viability of A3 T-cell leukemia cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Transcriptome analysis indicated that DN modulated the transcriptome of A3 cells. In total, 9,340 differentially expressed genes were found, among which 4,378 downregulated genes and 4,962 upregulated genes were mainly involved in autophagy, cell cycle, and DNA replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated that DN induced autophagy, cell cycle arrest in the G1/S phase, and downregulated the expression of autophagy- and cell cycle-related genes in A3 cells. By labeling A3 cells with acridine orange/ethidium bromide, Hoechst 33,258, and monodansylcadaverine and via transmission electron microscopy, we found that DN increased plasma membrane permeability, structural disorganization, vacuolation, and autophagosome formation. Our study provides evidence for the mechanism of anticancer activity of DN in T-cell leukemia (A3) cells and demonstrates the promise of DN as a lead or even candidate molecule for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Yuan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kuo Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Hou
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhong-Feng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Xue
- Wannan Tobacco Group Company Limited, Xuancheng, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Karimi M, Heshmati M, Fattahi S, Bagheri N, Alibeigi FM, Taheri F, Anjomshoa M, Jami MS, Ghatreh Samani M. The relation between the ghrelin receptor and FOXP3 in bladder cancer. Biotech Histochem 2020; 96:287-295. [PMID: 32744468 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1799074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses play an important role in the fate of bladder cancer tumors. Treg cells are immunosuppressive and down-regulate the proliferation of effector T cells, which favor tumor survival. Ghrelin is a hormone that stimulates release of growth hormone and anti-inflammatory response to cancer cells. Ghrelin also is a gastrointestinal hormone that regulates immune responses via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). The relation among ghrelin, its receptor, and Treg cells that surround bladder tumors is not clear. We found that Foxp3+ T and GHS-R1a cells are increased significantly in bladder tumor tissues. Therefore, we suggest that ghrelin may increase the number of Treg cells in the tumor and suppress activity of the immune system against bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Masoud Heshmati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Soheila Fattahi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Taheri
- Department of Pathology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Anjomshoa
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Saeid Jami
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mahdi Ghatreh Samani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| |
Collapse
|