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Zhang F, Armando I, Jose PA, Zeng C, Yang J. G protein-coupled receptor kinases in hypertension: physiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic targets. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:2317-2336. [PMID: 38961282 PMCID: PMC11374685 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate cellular responses to a myriad of hormones and neurotransmitters that play vital roles in the regulation of physiological processes such as blood pressure. In organs such as the artery and kidney, hormones or neurotransmitters, such as angiotensin II (Ang II), dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine exert their functions via their receptors, with the ultimate effect of keeping normal vascular reactivity, normal body sodium, and normal blood pressure. GPCR kinases (GRKs) exert their biological functions, by mediating the regulation of agonist-occupied GPCRs, non-GPCRs, or non-receptor substrates. In particular, increasing number of studies show that aberrant expression and activity of GRKs in the cardiovascular system and kidney inhibit or stimulate GPCRs (e.g., dopamine receptors, Ang II receptors, and α- and β-adrenergic receptors), resulting in hypertension. Current studies focus on the effect of selective GRK inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. Moreover, genetic studies show that GRK gene variants are associated with essential hypertension, blood pressure response to antihypertensive medicines, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes of antihypertensive treatment. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of GRK-mediated regulation of blood pressure, role of GRKs in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and highlight potential strategies for the treatment of hypertension. Schematic representation of GPCR desensitization process. Activation of GPCRs begins with the binding of an agonist to its corresponding receptor. Then G proteins activate downstream effectors that are mediated by various signaling pathways. GPCR signaling is halted by GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation, which causes receptor internalization through β-arrestin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwei Zhang
- Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ines Armando
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- Research Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
- Department of Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Alonazi A, Nash CA, Wang CH, Christofidou E, Challiss RAJ, Willets JM. GRK2 expression and catalytic activity are essential for vasoconstrictor/ERK-stimulated arterial smooth muscle proliferation. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115795. [PMID: 37690571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged vasoconstrictor signalling found in hypertension, increases arterial contraction, and alters vessel architecture by stimulating arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) growth, underpinning the development of re-stenosis lesions and vascular remodelling. Vasoconstrictors interact with their cognate G protein coupled receptors activating a variety of signalling pathways to promote smooth muscle proliferation. Here, angiotensin II (AngII) and endothelin 1 (ET1), but not UTP stimulates ASMC proliferation. Moreover, siRNA-mediated depletion of endogenous GRK2 expression, or GRK2 inhibitors, compound 101 or paroxetine, prevented AngII and ET1-promoted ASMC growth. Depletion of GRK2 expression or inhibition of GRK2 activity ablated the prolonged phase of AngII and ET-stimulated ERK signalling, while enhancing and prolonging UTP-stimulated ERK signalling. Increased GRK2 expression enhanced and prolonged AngII and ET1-stimulated ERK signalling, but suppressed UTP-stimulated ERK signalling. In ASMC prepared from 6-week-old WKY and SHR, AngII and ET1-stimulated proliferation rates were similar, however, in cultures prepared from 12-week-old rats AngII and ET1-stimulated growth was enhanced in SHR-derived ASMC, which was reversed following depletion of GRK2 expression. Furthermore, in ASMC cultures isolated from 6-week-old WKY and SHR rats, AngII and ET1-stimulated ERK signals were similar, while in cultures from 12-week-old rats ERK signals were both enhanced and prolonged in SHR-derived ASMC, and were reversed to those seen in age-matched WKY-derived ASMC following pre-treatment of SHR-derived ASMC with compound 101. These data indicate that the presence of GRK2 and its catalytic activity are essential to enable pro-proliferative vasoconstrictors to promote growth via recruitment and activation of the ERK signalling pathway in ASMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Alonazi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box 145111, Saudi Arabia(1)
| | - Craig A Nash
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chuan-Han Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Christofidou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; Tumor Viruses and Cancer Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Panepistimiou 1, Aglantzia 2109, Nicosia, Cyprus(1)
| | - R A John Challiss
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathon M Willets
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
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