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Corno A, Cordeiro MH, Allan LA, Lim Q, Harrington E, Smith RJ, Saurin AT. A bifunctional kinase-phosphatase module balances mitotic checkpoint strength and kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112630. [PMID: 37712330 PMCID: PMC10577578 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Two major mechanisms safeguard genome stability during mitosis: the mitotic checkpoint delays mitosis until all chromosomes have attached to microtubules, and the kinetochore-microtubule error-correction pathway keeps this attachment process free from errors. We demonstrate here that the optimal strength and dynamics of these processes are set by a kinase-phosphatase pair (PLK1-PP2A) that engage in negative feedback from adjacent phospho-binding motifs on the BUB complex. Uncoupling this feedback to skew the balance towards PLK1 produces a strong checkpoint, hypostable microtubule attachments and mitotic delays. Conversely, skewing the balance towards PP2A causes a weak checkpoint, hyperstable microtubule attachments and chromosome segregation errors. These phenotypes are associated with altered BUB complex recruitment to KNL1-MELT motifs, implicating PLK1-PP2A in controlling auto-amplification of MELT phosphorylation. In support, KNL1-BUB disassembly becomes contingent on PLK1 inhibition when KNL1 is engineered to contain excess MELT motifs. This elevates BUB-PLK1/PP2A complex levels on metaphase kinetochores, stabilises kinetochore-microtubule attachments, induces chromosome segregation defects and prevents KNL1-BUB disassembly at anaphase. Together, these data demonstrate how a bifunctional PLK1/PP2A module has evolved together with the MELT motifs to optimise BUB complex dynamics and ensure accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corno
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Marilia H Cordeiro
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Lindsey A Allan
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Qian‐Wei Lim
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Elena Harrington
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Richard J Smith
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
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2
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Sterling NA, Terry BK, McDonnell JM, Kim S. P53 independent pathogenic mechanisms contribute to BubR1 microcephaly. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1282182. [PMID: 37900274 PMCID: PMC10602889 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1282182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosaic variegated aneuploidy (MVA)-associated gene Budding Uninhibited by Benzimidazole 1B (BUB1B) encodes BUBR1, a core member of the spindle assembly checkpoint complex that ensures kinetochore-spindle attachment for faithful chromosome segregation. BUB1B mutation in humans and its deletion in mice cause microcephaly. In the absence of BubR1 in mice, massive cell death reduces cortical cells during neurogenesis. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms triggering cell death are unknown. In this study, we performed three-dimensional imaging analysis of mitotic BubR1-deficient neural progenitors in a murine model to show profound chromosomal segregation defects and structural abnormalities. Chromosomal defects and accompanying DNA damage result in P53 activation and apoptotic cell death in BubR1 mutants. To test whether the P53 cell death pathway is responsible for cortical cell loss, we co-deleted Trp53 in BubR1-deficient cortices. Remarkably, we discovered that residual apoptotic cell death remains in double mutants lacking P53, suggesting P53-independent apoptosis. Furthermore, the minimal rescue of cortical size and cortical neuron numbers in double mutant mice suggests the compelling extent of alternative death mechanisms in the absence of P53. This study demonstrates a potential pathogenic mechanism for microcephaly in MVA patients and uncovers the existence of powerful means of eliminating unfit cells even when the P53 death pathway is disabled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle A. Sterling
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bethany K. Terry
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Julia M. McDonnell
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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3
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Zhang Y, Song C, Wang L, Jiang H, Zhai Y, Wang Y, Fang J, Zhang G. Zombies Never Die: The Double Life Bub1 Lives in Mitosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:870745. [PMID: 35646932 PMCID: PMC9136299 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.870745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When eukaryotic cells enter mitosis, dispersed chromosomes move to the cell center along microtubules to form a metaphase plate which facilitates the accurate chromosome segregation. Meanwhile, kinetochores not stably attached by microtubules activate the spindle assembly checkpoint and generate a wait signal to delay the initiation of anaphase. These events are highly coordinated. Disruption of the coordination will cause severe problems like chromosome gain or loss. Bub1, a conserved serine/threonine kinase, plays important roles in mitosis. After extensive studies in the last three decades, the role of Bub1 on checkpoint has achieved a comprehensive understanding; its role on chromosome alignment also starts to emerge. In this review, we summarize the latest development of Bub1 on supporting the two mitotic events. The essentiality of Bub1 in higher eukaryotic cells is also discussed. At the end, some undissolved questions are raised for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunlin Song
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongfei Jiang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yujing Zhai
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Fang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Fang, ; Gang Zhang,
| | - Gang Zhang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Fang, ; Gang Zhang,
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Gama Braga L, Garand C, Elowe S. Considerations for studying phosphorylation of the mitotic checkpoint pseudokinase BUBR1. Methods Enzymol 2022; 667:507-534. [PMID: 35525552 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Budding uninhibited by benzimidazole 1-related protein 1 (BUBR1) is a mitotic checkpoint (better known as the spindle assembly checkpoint) protein that forms part of an inhibitory complex required to delay mitosis when errors occur in the attachment between chromosomes and the mitotic spindle. If these errors remain uncorrected, it could result in unequal distribution of genetic material to each of the nascent daughter cells, leading to potentially disastrous consequences at both the cellular and organismal level. In some higher eukaryotes including vertebrates, BUBR1 has a C-terminal kinase fold that is largely thought to be inactive, whereas in many species this domain has been lost through evolution and the truncated protein is known as mitotic arrest deficient 3 (MAD3). Here we present advice and practical considerations for the design of experiments, their analysis and interpretation to study the functions of the vertebrate BUBR1 during mitosis with emphasis on analysis implicating the pseudokinase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Gama Braga
- Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de Reproduction, Santé de la Mère et de l'Enfant, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, l'Ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Pédiatire, Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval et le Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Chantal Garand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de Reproduction, Santé de la Mère et de l'Enfant, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, l'Ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sabine Elowe
- Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Axe de Reproduction, Santé de la Mère et de l'Enfant, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, l'Ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Pédiatire, Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval et le Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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5
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Kim T. Recent Progress on the Localization of PLK1 to the Kinetochore and Its Role in Mitosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095252. [PMID: 35563642 PMCID: PMC9102930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate distribution of the replicated genome during cell division is essential for cell survival and healthy organismal development. Errors in this process have catastrophic consequences, such as birth defects and aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer cells. PLK1 is one of the master kinases in mitosis and has multiple functions, including mitotic entry, chromosome segregation, spindle assembly checkpoint, and cytokinesis. To dissect the role of PLK1 in mitosis, it is important to understand how PLK1 localizes in the specific region in cells. PLK1 localizes at the kinetochore and is essential in spindle assembly checkpoint and chromosome segregation. However, how PLK1 localizes at the kinetochore remains elusive. Here, we review the recent literature on the kinetochore recruitment mechanisms of PLK1 and its roles in spindle assembly checkpoint and attachment between kinetochores and spindle microtubules. Together, this review provides an overview of how the local distribution of PLK1 could regulate major pathways in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
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6
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Elowe S, Bolanos-Garcia VM. The spindle checkpoint proteins BUB1 and BUBR1: (SLiM)ming down to the basics. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:352-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bolanos-Garcia VM. On the Regulation of Mitosis by the Kinetochore, a Macromolecular Complex and Organising Hub of Eukaryotic Organisms. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:235-267. [PMID: 36151378 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is the multiprotein complex of eukaryotic organisms that is assembled on mitotic or meiotic centromeres to connect centromeric DNA with microtubules. Its function involves the coordinated action of more than 100 different proteins. The kinetochore acts as an organiser hub that establishes physical connections with microtubules and centromere-associated proteins and recruits central protein components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), an evolutionarily conserved surveillance mechanism of eukaryotic organisms that detects unattached kinetochores and destabilises incorrect kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The molecular communication between the kinetochore and the SAC is highly dynamic and tightly regulated to ensure that cells can progress towards anaphase until each chromosome is properly bi-oriented on the mitotic spindle. This is achieved through an interplay of highly cooperative interactions and concerted phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events that are organised in time and space.This contribution discusses our current understanding of the function, structure and regulation of the kinetochore, in particular, how its communication with the SAC results in the amplification of specific signals to exquisitely control the eukaryotic cell cycle. This contribution also addresses recent advances in machine learning approaches, cell imaging and proteomics techniques that have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that ensure the high fidelity and timely segregation of the genetic material every time a cell divides as well as the current challenges in the study of this fascinating molecular machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
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Chen Q, Zhang M, Pan X, Yuan X, Zhou L, Yan L, Zeng LH, Xu J, Yang B, Zhang L, Huang J, Lu W, Fukagawa T, Wang F, Yan H. Bub1 and CENP-U redundantly recruit Plk1 to stabilize kinetochore-microtubule attachments and ensure accurate chromosome segregation. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109740. [PMID: 34551298 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bub1 is required for the kinetochore/centromere localization of two essential mitotic kinases Plk1 and Aurora B. Surprisingly, stable depletion of Bub1 by ∼95% in human cells marginally affects whole chromosome segregation fidelity. We show that CENP-U, which is recruited to kinetochores by the CENP-P and CENP-Q subunits of the CENP-O complex, is required to prevent chromosome mis-segregation in Bub1-depleted cells. Mechanistically, Bub1 and CENP-U redundantly recruit Plk1 to kinetochores to stabilize kinetochore-microtubule attachments, thereby ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. Furthermore, unlike its budding yeast homolog, the CENP-O complex does not regulate centromeric localization of Aurora B. Consistently, depletion of Bub1 or CENP-U sensitizes cells to the inhibition of Plk1 but not Aurora B kinase activity. Taken together, our findings provide mechanistic insight into the regulation of kinetochore function, which may have implications for targeted treatment of cancer cells with mutations perturbing kinetochore recruitment of Plk1 by Bub1 or the CENP-O complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China; The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, The Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology of Zhejiang Province, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, The Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology of Zhejiang Province, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuan Pan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, The Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology of Zhejiang Province, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueying Yuan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, The Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology of Zhejiang Province, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linli Zhou
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, The Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology of Zhejiang Province, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lu Yan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, The Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology of Zhejiang Province, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Junfen Xu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Bing Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, The Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology of Zhejiang Province, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Long Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, The Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology of Zhejiang Province, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Huang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, The Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology of Zhejiang Province, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fangwei Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, The Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology of Zhejiang Province, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Gynecological Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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9
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Elowe S. Adventures of the undead at kinetochores. Mol Cell Oncol 2021; 8:1876511. [PMID: 33860079 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2021.1876511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
At the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, phosphatase activity feeds back to reverse early mitotic phosphorylation events. Our recent work indicates that the pseudokinase domain of the spindle checkpoint protein BUB1 (Budding Uninhibited by Benzimidazoles 1) mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase B (BUB1B, BUBR1) maintains kinase-phosphatase balance at the outer kinetochore during mitotic exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Elowe
- Axe de reproduction, santé de la mère et de l'enfant, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,PROTEO-regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, l'ingénierie et les applications des protéines, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval et le Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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10
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Mace PD, Murphy JM. There's more to death than life: Noncatalytic functions in kinase and pseudokinase signaling. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100705. [PMID: 33895136 PMCID: PMC8141879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are present in all domains of life and play diverse roles in cellular signaling. Whereas the impact of substrate phosphorylation by protein kinases has long been appreciated, it is becoming increasingly clear that protein kinases also play other, noncatalytic, functions. Here, we review recent developments in understanding the noncatalytic functions of protein kinases. Many noncatalytic activities are best exemplified by protein kinases that are devoid of enzymatic activity altogether-known as pseudokinases. These dead proteins illustrate that, beyond conventional notions of kinase function, catalytic activity can be dispensable for biological function. Through key examples we illustrate diverse mechanisms of noncatalytic kinase activity: as allosteric modulators; protein-based switches; scaffolds for complex assembly; and as competitive inhibitors in signaling pathways. In common, these noncatalytic mechanisms exploit the nature of the protein kinase fold as a versatile protein-protein interaction module. Many examples are also intrinsically linked to the ability of the protein kinase to switch between multiple states, a function shared with catalytic protein kinases. Finally, we consider the contemporary landscape of small molecules to modulate noncatalytic functions of protein kinases, which, although challenging, has significant potential given the scope of noncatalytic protein kinase function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Mace
- Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - James M Murphy
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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