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Leandrou E, Chalatsa I, Anagnostou D, Machalia C, Semitekolou M, Filippa V, Makridakis M, Vlahou A, Anastasiadou E, Vekrellis K, Emmanouilidou E. α-Synuclein oligomers potentiate neuroinflammatory NF-κB activity and induce Ca v3.2 calcium signaling in astrocytes. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:11. [PMID: 38378800 PMCID: PMC10880263 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is now realized that Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology extends beyond the substantia nigra, affecting both central and peripheral nervous systems, and exhibits a variety of non-motor symptoms often preceding motor features. Neuroinflammation induced by activated microglia and astrocytes is thought to underlie these manifestations. α-Synuclein aggregation has been linked with sustained neuroinflammation in PD, aggravating neuronal degeneration; however, there is still a lack of critical information about the structural identity of the α-synuclein conformers that activate microglia and/or astrocytes and the molecular pathways involved. METHODS To investigate the role of α-synuclein conformers in the development and maintenance of neuroinflammation, we used primary quiescent microglia and astrocytes, post-mortem brain tissues from PD patients and A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice that recapitulate key features of PD-related inflammatory responses in the absence of cell death, i.e., increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and complement proteins. Biochemical and -omics techniques including RNAseq and secretomic analyses, combined with 3D reconstruction of individual astrocytes and live calcium imaging, were used to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying glial responses in the presence of α-synuclein oligomers in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS We found that the presence of SDS-resistant hyper-phosphorylated α-synuclein oligomers, but not monomers, was correlated with sustained inflammatory responses, such as elevated levels of endogenous antibodies and cytokines and microglial activation. Similar oligomeric α-synuclein species were found in post-mortem human brain samples of PD patients but not control individuals. Detailed analysis revealed a decrease in Iba1Low/CD68Low microglia and robust alterations in astrocyte number and morphology including process retraction. Our data indicated an activation of the p38/ATF2 signaling pathway mostly in microglia and a sustained induction of the NF-κB pathway in astrocytes of A53T mice. The sustained NF-κB activity triggered the upregulation of astrocytic T-type Cav3.2 Ca2+ channels, altering the astrocytic secretome and promoting the secretion of IGFBPL1, an IGF-1 binding protein with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential. CONCLUSIONS Our work supports a causative link between the neuron-produced α-synuclein oligomers and sustained neuroinflammation in vivo and maps the signaling pathways that are stimulated in microglia and astrocytes. It also highlights the recruitment of astrocytic Cav3.2 channels as a potential neuroprotective mediator against the α-synuclein-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouela Leandrou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15772, Athens, Greece
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Chalatsa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15772, Athens, Greece
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Anagnostou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15772, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Machalia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15772, Athens, Greece
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Semitekolou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vicky Filippa
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- Center for Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Center for Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Ema Anastasiadou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Emmanouilidou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15772, Athens, Greece.
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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Hou L, Feng X, Zhu Z, Mi Y, He Q, Yin K, Zhao G. IGFBPL1 inhibits macrophage lipid accumulation by enhancing the activation of IGR1R/LXRα/ABCG1 pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:14791-14802. [PMID: 38157252 PMCID: PMC10781499 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lipid accumulation in macrophages plays an important role in atherosclerosis and is the major cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Reducing lipid accumulation in macrophages is an effective therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) exerts the anti-atherosclerotic effects by inhibiting lipid accumulation in macrophages. Furthermore, almost all circulating IGF-1 combines with IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) to activate or inhibit the IGF signaling. However, the mechanism of IGFBPs in macrophage lipid accumulation is still unknown. GEO database analysis showed that among IGFBPS family members, IGFBPL1 has the largest expression change in unstable plaque. We found that IGFBPL1 was decreased in lipid-laden THP-1 macrophages. Through oil red O staining, NBD-cholesterol efflux, liver X receptor α (LXRα) transcription factor and IGR-1 receptor blocking experiments, our results showed that IGFBPL1 inhibits lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophages through promoting ABCG1-meditated cholesterol efflux, and IGFBPL1 regulates ABCG1 expression and macrophage lipid metabolism through IGF-1R/LXRα pathway. Our results provide a theoretical basis of IGFBPL1 in the alternative or adjunct treatment options for atherosclerosis by reducing lipid accumulation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjie Hou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Huali Science and Technology Vocational College, Guangzhou 511325, Guangdong, China
| | - Xixi Feng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China
| | - Yali Mi
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin He
- Dali University, Dali 671003, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Guojun Zhao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China
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Reed EG, Keller-Norrell PR. Minding the Gap: Exploring Neuroinflammatory and Microglial Sex Differences in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17377. [PMID: 38139206 PMCID: PMC10743742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into Alzheimer's Disease (AD) describes a link between AD and the resident immune cells of the brain, the microglia. Further, this suspected link is thought to have underlying sex effects, although the mechanisms of these effects are only just beginning to be understood. Many of these insights are the result of policies put in place by funding agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) and the move towards precision medicine due to continued lackluster therapeutic options. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated assessment of the current research that summarizes sex differences and the research pertaining to microglia and their varied responses in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G. Reed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44242, USA
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Karg MM, Lu YR, Refaian N, Cameron J, Hoffmann E, Hoppe C, Shirahama S, Shah M, Krasniqi D, Krishnan A, Shrestha M, Guo Y, Cermak JM, Walthier M, Broniowska K, Rosenzweig-Lipson S, Gregory-Ksander M, Sinclair DA, Ksander BR. Sustained Vision Recovery by OSK Gene Therapy in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma. Cell Reprogram 2023; 25:288-299. [PMID: 38060815 PMCID: PMC10739681 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2023.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, a chronic neurodegenerative disease, is a leading cause of age-related blindness worldwide and characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Previously, we developed a novel epigenetic rejuvenation therapy, based on the expression of the three transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 (OSK), which safely rejuvenates RGCs without altering cell identity in glaucomatous and old mice after 1 month of treatment. In the current year-long study, mice with continuous or cyclic OSK expression induced after glaucoma-induced vision damage had occurred were tracked for efficacy, duration, and safety. Surprisingly, only 2 months of OSK fully restored impaired vision, with a restoration of vision for 11 months with prolonged expression. In RGCs, transcription from the doxycycline (DOX)-inducible Tet-On AAV system, returned to baseline 4 weeks after DOX withdrawal. Significant vision improvements remained for 1 month post switching off OSK, after which the vision benefit gradually diminished but remained better than baseline. Notably, no adverse effects on retinal structure or body weight were observed in glaucomatous mice with OSK continuously expressed for 21 months providing compelling evidence of efficacy and safety. This work highlights the tremendous therapeutic potential of rejuvenating gene therapies using OSK, not only for glaucoma but also for other ocular and systemic injuries and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete M. Karg
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuancheng Ryan Lu
- Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nasrin Refaian
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Cameron
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emma Hoffmann
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cindy Hoppe
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shintaro Shirahama
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madhura Shah
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Drenushe Krasniqi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anitha Krishnan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maleeka Shrestha
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yinjie Guo
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Meredith Gregory-Ksander
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A. Sinclair
- Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce R. Ksander
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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