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Jin K, Lan H, Han Y, Qian J. Exosomes in cancer diagnosis based on the Latest Evidence: Where are We? Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 142:113133. [PMID: 39278058 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from various cellular sources and have emerged as favorable biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. These vesicles contain a variety of molecular components, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which can provide valuable information for cancer detection, classification, and monitoring. However, the clinical application of exosomes faces significant challenges, primarily related to the standardization and scalability of their use. In order to overcome these challenges, sophisticated methods such as liquid biopsy and imaging are being combined to augment the diagnostic capabilities of exosomes. Additionally, a deeper understanding of the interaction between exosomes and immune system components within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential. This review discusses the biogenesis and composition of exosomes, addresses the current challenges in their clinical translation, and highlights recent technological advancements and integrative approaches that support the role of exosomes in cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketao Jin
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
| | - Huanrong Lan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China; Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Yuejun Han
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinchang People's Hospital, Affiliated Xinchang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Xinchang, Zhejiang 312500, China.
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2
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Li X, Si Y, Liang J, Li M, Wang Z, Qin Y, Sun L. Enhancing bone regeneration and immunomodulation via gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel-encapsulated exosomes from osteogenic pre-differentiated mesenchymal stem cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 672:179-199. [PMID: 38838627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) have emerged as promising candidates for cell-free therapy in tissue regeneration. However, the native osteogenic and angiogenic capacities of MSC-Exos are often insufficient to repair critical-sized bone defects, and the underlying immune mechanisms remain elusive. Furthermore, achieving sustained delivery and stable activity of MSC-Exos at the defect site is essential for optimal therapeutic outcomes. Here, we extracted exosomes from osteogenically pre-differentiated human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) by ultracentrifugation and encapsulated them in gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel to construct a composite scaffold. The resulting exosome-encapsulated hydrogel exhibited excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, facilitating sustained delivery of MSC-Exos. Osteogenic pre-differentiation significantly enhanced the osteogenic and angiogenic properties of MSC-Exos, promoting osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, MSC-Exos induced polarization of Raw264.7 cells from a pro-inflammatory phenotype to an anti-inflammatory phenotype under simulated inflammatory conditions, thereby creating an immune microenvironment conducive to osteogenesis. RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis revealed that MSC-Exos activate the p53 pathway through targeted delivery of internal microRNAs and regulate macrophage polarization by reducing DNA oxidative damage. Our study highlights the potential of osteogenic exosome-encapsulated composite hydrogels for the development of cell-free scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yunhui Si
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Jingxian Liang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Mengsha Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Yinying Qin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Litao Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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3
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Lu Y, Zheng J, Lin P, Lin Y, Zheng Y, Mai Z, Chen X, Xia T, Zhao X, Cui L. Tumor Microenvironment-Derived Exosomes: A Double-Edged Sword for Advanced T Cell-Based Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:27230-27260. [PMID: 39319751 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c09190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in cancer progression and immune evasion, partially mediated by the activity of the TME-derived exosomes. These extracellular vesicles are pivotal in shaping immune responses through the transfer of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids between cells, facilitating a complex interplay that promotes tumor growth and metastasis. This review delves into the dual roles of exosomes in the TME, highlighting both their immunosuppressive functions and their emerging therapeutic potential. Exosomes can inhibit T cell function and promote tumor immune escape by carrying immune-modulatory molecules, such as PD-L1, yet they also hold promise for cancer therapy as vehicles for delivering tumor antigens and costimulatory signals. Additionally, the review discusses the intricate crosstalk mediated by exosomes among various cell types within the TME, influencing both cancer progression and responses to immunotherapies. Moreover, this highlights current challenges and future directions. Collectively, elucidating the detailed mechanisms by which TME-derived exosomes mediate T cell function offers a promising avenue for revolutionizing cancer treatment. Understanding these interactions allows for the development of targeted therapies that manipulate exosomal pathways to enhance the immune system's response to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Jiarong Zheng
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Pei Lin
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Yunfan Lin
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Yucheng Zheng
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Zizhao Mai
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Li Cui
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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4
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Chen H, Han Z, Ma Y, Meng Q. Advances in macrophage-derived exosomes as immunomodulators in disease progression and therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 142:113248. [PMID: 39321698 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Most somatic cells secrete vesicles called exosomes, which contain a variety of biomolecules. Recent research indicates that macrophage-derived exosomes are strongly correlated with tumors, infectious diseases, chronic inflammation, and tissue fibrosis. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to delve into the mechanisms of pathological states and how macrophage-derived exosomes react to them. We also discuss the biological effects of exosomes and how they affect disease. In addition, we have examined the possible uses of exosomes in illness treatment, highlighting both the benefits and drawbacks of these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100034, China; Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Ziping Han
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China; Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Qingyang Meng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing 100191, China; Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China.
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5
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García-Silva S, Peinado H. Mechanisms of lymph node metastasis: An extracellular vesicle perspective. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151447. [PMID: 39116620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In several solid tumors such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer or melanoma, tumor draining lymph nodes are the earliest tissues where colonization by tumor cells is detected. Lymph nodes act as sentinels of metastatic dissemination, the deadliest phase of tumor progression. Besides hematogenous dissemination, lymphatic spread of tumor cells has been demonstrated, adding more complexity to the mechanisms involved in metastasis. A network of blood and lymphatic vessels surrounds tumors providing routes for tumor soluble factors to mediate regional and long-distance effects. Additionally, extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly small EVs/exosomes, have been shown to circulate through the blood and lymph, favoring the formation of pre-metastatic niches in the tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) and distant organs. In this review, we present an overview of the relevance of lymph node metastasis, the structural and immune changes occurring in TDLNs during tumor progression, and how extracellular vesicles contribute to modulating some of these alterations while promoting the formation of lymph node pre-metastatic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana García-Silva
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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6
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Hadad S, Khalaji A, Sarmadian AJ, Sarmadian PJ, Janagard EM, Baradaran B. Tumor-associated macrophages derived exosomes; from pathogenesis to therapeutic opportunities. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112406. [PMID: 38850795 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) exert profound influences on cancer progression, orchestrating a dynamic interplay within the tumor microenvironment. Recent attention has focused on the role of TAM-derived exosomes, small extracellular vesicles containing bioactive molecules, in mediating this intricate communication. This review comprehensively synthesizes current knowledge, emphasizing the diverse functions of TAM-derived exosomes across various cancer types. The review delves into the impact of TAM-derived exosomes on fundamental cancer hallmarks, elucidating their involvement in promoting cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis evasion. By dissecting the molecular cargo encapsulated within these exosomes, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and proteins, the review uncovers key regulatory mechanisms governing these effects. Noteworthy miRNAs, such as miR-155, miR-196a-5p, and miR-221-3p, are highlighted for their pivotal roles in mediating TAM-derived exosomal communication and influencing downstream targets. Moreover, the review explores the impact of TAM-derived exosomes on the immune microenvironment, particularly their ability to modulate immune cell function and foster immune evasion. The discussion encompasses the regulation of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and subsequent impairment of CD8 + T cell activity, unraveling the immunosuppressive effects of TAM-derived exosomes. With an eye toward clinical implications, the review underscores the potential of TAM-derived exosomes as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Their involvement in cancer progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance positions TAM-derived exosomes as key players in reshaping treatment strategies. Finally, the review outlines future directions, proposing avenues for targeted therapies aimed at disrupting TAM-derived exosomal functions and redefining the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hadad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirreza Khalaji
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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7
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Lee J, Whitney JB. Immune checkpoint inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for HIV eradication: current insights and future directions. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:179-186. [PMID: 38747727 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-1 infection contributes substantially to global morbidity and mortality, with no immediate promise of an effective prophylactic vaccine. Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV replication, but latent viral reservoirs allow the virus to persist and reignite active replication if ART is discontinued. Moreover, inflammation and immune disfunction persist despite ART-mediated suppression of HIV. Immune checkpoint molecules facilitate immune dysregulation and viral persistence. However, their therapeutic modulation may offer an avenue to enhance viral immune control for patients living with HIV-1 (PLWH). RECENT FINDINGS The success of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in oncology suggests that targeting these same immune pathways might be an effective therapeutic approach for treating PLWH. Several ICIs have been evaluated for their ability to reinvigorate exhausted T cells, and possibly reverse HIV latency, in both preclinical and clinical HIV-1 studies. SUMMARY Although there are very encouraging findings showing enhanced CD8 + T-cell function with ICI therapy in HIV infection, it remains uncertain whether ICIs alone could demonstrably impact the HIV reservoir. Moreover, safety concerns and significant clinical adverse events present a hurdle to the development of ICI approaches. This review provides an update on the current knowledge regarding the development of ICIs for the remission of HIV-1 in PWH. We detail recent findings from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque models, clinical trials in PLWH, and the role of soluble immune checkpoint molecules in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Lee
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Raffo-Romero A, Ziane-Chaouche L, Salomé-Desnoulez S, Hajjaji N, Fournier I, Salzet M, Duhamel M. A co-culture system of macrophages with breast cancer tumoroids to study cell interactions and therapeutic responses. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2024; 4:100792. [PMID: 38861990 PMCID: PMC11228374 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2024.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
3D tumoroids have revolutionized in vitro/ex vivo cancer biology by recapitulating the complex diversity of tumors. While tumoroids provide new insights into cancer development and treatment response, several limitations remain. As the tumor microenvironment, especially the immune system, strongly influences tumor development, the absence of immune cells in tumoroids may lead to inappropriate conclusions. Macrophages, key players in tumor progression, are particularly challenging to integrate into the tumoroids. In this study, we established three optimized and standardized methods for co-culturing human macrophages with breast cancer tumoroids: a semi-liquid model and two matrix-embedded models tailored for specific applications. We then tracked interactions and macrophage infiltration in these systems using flow cytometry and light sheet microscopy and showed that macrophages influenced not only tumoroid molecular profiles but also chemotherapy response. This underscores the importance of increasing the complexity of 3D models to more accurately reflect in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Raffo-Romero
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire Et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Lille, France
| | - Lydia Ziane-Chaouche
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire Et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Salomé-Desnoulez
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UAR 2014 - PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nawale Hajjaji
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire Et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Lille, France; Breast Cancer Unit, Oscar Lambret Center, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire Et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Lille, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire Et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Lille, France.
| | - Marie Duhamel
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire Et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Lille, France.
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Pulli K, Saarimäki-Vire J, Ahonen P, Liu X, Ibrahim H, Chandra V, Santambrogio A, Wang Y, Vaaralahti K, Iivonen AP, Känsäkoski J, Tommiska J, Kemkem Y, Varjosalo M, Vuoristo S, Andoniadou CL, Otonkoski T, Raivio T. A splice site variant in MADD affects hormone expression in pancreatic β cells and pituitary gonadotropes. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e167598. [PMID: 38775154 PMCID: PMC11141940 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
MAPK activating death domain (MADD) is a multifunctional protein regulating small GTPases RAB3 and RAB27, MAPK signaling, and cell survival. Polymorphisms in the MADD locus are associated with glycemic traits, but patients with biallelic variants in MADD manifest a complex syndrome affecting nervous, endocrine, exocrine, and hematological systems. We identified a homozygous splice site variant in MADD in 2 siblings with developmental delay, diabetes, congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and growth hormone deficiency. This variant led to skipping of exon 30 and in-frame deletion of 36 amino acids. To elucidate how this mutation causes pleiotropic endocrine phenotypes, we generated relevant cellular models with deletion of MADD exon 30 (dex30). We observed reduced numbers of β cells, decreased insulin content, and increased proinsulin-to-insulin ratio in dex30 human embryonic stem cell-derived pancreatic islets. Concordantly, dex30 led to decreased insulin expression in human β cell line EndoC-βH1. Furthermore, dex30 resulted in decreased luteinizing hormone expression in mouse pituitary gonadotrope cell line LβT2 but did not affect ontogeny of stem cell-derived GnRH neurons. Protein-protein interactions of wild-type and dex30 MADD revealed changes affecting multiple signaling pathways, while the GDP/GTP exchange activity of dex30 MADD remained intact. Our results suggest MADD-specific processes regulate hormone expression in pancreatic β cells and pituitary gonadotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Pulli
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Jonna Saarimäki-Vire
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Pekka Ahonen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hazem Ibrahim
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Vikash Chandra
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Alice Santambrogio
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yafei Wang
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Kirsi Vaaralahti
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Anna-Pauliina Iivonen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Johanna Känsäkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Johanna Tommiska
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Yasmine Kemkem
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Vuoristo
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; and
- HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cynthia L. Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, and
- New Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program (STEMM), Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine
- New Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Liu T, Sun L, Ji Y, Zhu W. Extracellular vesicles in cancer therapy: Roles, potential application, and challenges. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189101. [PMID: 38608963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a novel cell-free strategy for the treatment of many diseases including cancer as they play important roles in cancer development and progression. Considering their natural capacity to facilitate cell-to-cell communication as well as their high physiochemical stability and biocompatibility, EVs serve as superior delivery systems for a wide range of therapeutic agents, including medicines, nanomaterials, nucleic acids, and proteins. Therefore, EVs-based cancer therapy is of greater interest to researchers. Mounting studies indicate that EVs can be improved in efficiency, specificity, and safety for cancer therapy. However, their heterogeneity of physicochemical properties and functions is not fully understood, hindering the achievement of bioactive EVs with high yield and purity. Herein, we paid more attention to the EVs applications and their significance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Surgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, China.
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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11
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Meng L, Zhang C, Yu P. Treating cancer through modulating exosomal protein loading and function: The prospects of natural products and traditional Chinese medicine. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107179. [PMID: 38615876 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, small yet vital extracellular vesicles, play an integral role in intercellular communication. They transport critical components, such as proteins, lipid bilayers, DNA, RNA, and glycans, to target cells. These vesicles are crucial in modulating the extracellular matrix and orchestrating signal transduction processes. In oncology, exosomes are pivotal in tumor growth, metastasis, drug resistance, and immune modulation within the tumor microenvironment. Exosomal proteins, noted for their stability and specificity, have garnered widespread attention. This review delves into the mechanisms of exosomal protein loading and their impact on tumor development, with a focus on the regulatory effects of natural products and traditional Chinese medicine on exosomal protein loading and function. These insights not only offer new strategies and methodologies for cancer treatment but also provide scientific bases and directions for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Pei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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12
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Qiu H, Liang J, Yang G, Xie Z, Wang Z, Wang L, Zhang J, Nanda HS, Zhou H, Huang Y, Peng X, Lu C, Chen H, Zhou Y. Application of exosomes in tumor immunity: recent progresses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1372847. [PMID: 38633106 PMCID: PMC11021734 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1372847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm. They contain proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other bioactive molecules, which play a crucial role in intercellular communication and material transfer. In tumor immunity, exosomes present various functions while the following two are of great importance: regulating the immune response and serving as delivery carriers. This review starts with the introduction of the formation, compositions, functions, isolation, characterization, and applications of exosomes, and subsequently discusses the current status of exosomes in tumor immunotherapy, and the recent applications of exosome-based tumor immunity regulation and antitumor drug delivery. Finally, current challenge and future prospects are proposed and hope to demonstrate inspiration for targeted readers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Junting Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhenyu Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhenpeng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Himansu Sekhar Nanda
- Biomedical Engineering and Technology Lab, Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yong Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Chengyu Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huizhi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yubin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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Wu Y, Fu H, Hao J, Yang Z, Qiao X, Li Y, Zhao R, Lin T, Wang Y, Wang M. Tumor-derived exosomal PD-L1: a new perspective in PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for lung cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342728. [PMID: 38562933 PMCID: PMC10982384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes play a crucial role in facilitating intercellular communication within organisms. Emerging evidence indicates that a distinct variant of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), found on the surface of exosomes, may be responsible for orchestrating systemic immunosuppression that counteracts the efficacy of anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) checkpoint therapy. Specifically, the presence of PD-L1 on exosomes enables them to selectively target PD-1 on the surface of CD8+ T cells, leading to T cell apoptosis and impeding T cell activation or proliferation. This mechanism allows tumor cells to evade immune pressure during the effector stage. Furthermore, the quantification of exosomal PD-L1 has the potential to serve as an indicator of the dynamic interplay between tumors and immune cells, thereby suggesting the promising utility of exosomes as biomarkers for both cancer diagnosis and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy. The emergence of exosomal PD-L1 inhibitors as a viable approach for anti-tumor treatment has garnered significant attention. Depleting exosomal PD-L1 may serve as an effective adjunct therapy to mitigate systemic immunosuppression. This review aims to elucidate recent insights into the role of exosomal PD-L1 in the field of immune oncology, emphasizing its potential as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tool in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiao Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Huichao Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Jingwei Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoyang Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyi Qiao
- Department of Respiratory Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Department of Respiratory Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Tie Lin
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
| | - Yicun Wang
- Department of Medical Research Center, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Heilongjiang, Harbin, China
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14
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Sun JG, Gao Y, Gao YS, Dai XJ, Chen P. Identification of the exosomal PD-L1 inhibitor to promote the PD-1 targeting therapy of gastric cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116182. [PMID: 38367489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Programmed death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) targeting therapy is widely applied in clinics for gastric cancer treatment. Nevertheless, the clinical response is not well acceptable due to the exosomal PD-L1. Hence, abrogation of the exosomal PD-L1 may be a strategy to sensitize the gastric cancer cell to PD-1 targeting therapy. With the aid of CD63 targeting antibody and PD-L1 targeting aptamer, HTRF based assay was established to quantify the exosomal PD-L1, and applied to our in-house compound library, resulting in the identification of moclobemide. Further optimization of moclobemide lead to EP16, which can inhibit the generation of exosomal PD-L1 with IC50 = 0.108 μM. By applying EP16 to gastric cancer cell line coupled with T-cell activity related experiment, it was validated to activate T-cell and can promote the response of PD-1 targeting therapy for gastric cancer treatment in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings give a promising tool to promote the sensitivity of anti-PD-1 for gastric cancer treatment, and EP16 can serve as a leading compound for exosomal PD-L1 abrogation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gang Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Henan, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong-Shun Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xing-Jie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Henan, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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15
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Vilbois S, Xu Y, Ho PC. Metabolic interplay: tumor macrophages and regulatory T cells. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:242-255. [PMID: 38135571 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) contains a complex cellular ecosystem where cancer, stromal, vascular, and immune cells interact. Macrophages and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical not only for maintaining immunological homeostasis and tumor growth but also for monitoring the functional states of other immune cells. Emerging evidence reveals that metabolic changes in macrophages and Tregs significantly influence their pro-/antitumor functions through the regulation of signaling cascades and epigenetic reprogramming. Hence, they are increasingly recognized as therapeutic targets in cancer immunotherapy. Specific metabolites in the TME may also affect their pro-/antitumor functions by intervening with the metabolic machinery. We discuss how metabolites influence the immunosuppressive phenotypes of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and Tregs. We then describe how TAMs and Tregs, independently or collaboratively, utilize metabolic mechanisms to suppress the activity of CD8+ T cells. Finally, we highlight promising metabolic interventions that can improve the outcome of current cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vilbois
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yingxi Xu
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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16
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Du Y, Zhang Y, Luo W, Gan F, Yang M, Gong P, Yao Y. The influence of radiation-induced bystander effect in osteoblasts mediated by plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 695:149425. [PMID: 38211533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Head and neck tumor patients may develop post-radiotherapy diseases after radiotherapy treatment. And radiotherapy can elicit radiation-induced bystander effect, wherein extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role. For normal parts of the body that have not been directly irradiated, the effect of EVs on them needs to be further explored. This study aims to investigate the functions of plasma-derived EVs in regulating normal osteoblasts during radiation-induced bystander effects. METHODS AND MATERIALS Rat plasma-derived EVs were isolated and identified firstly, followed by an evaluation of their intracellular biological effects on normal osteoblasts in vitro. Transcriptome sequencing analysis and confirmations were performed to identify potential mechanisms. RESULTS Irradiated plasma-derived EVs were found to enhance osteoblast proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression, concurrently suppressing the expression of osteogenesis-related genes and proteins. Furthermore, these EVs attenuated the expression of osteogenesis and oxidative stress resistance related genes, while upregulating the PI3K-AKT pathway and intracellular reactive oxygen species in osteoblasts. CONCLUSIONS Irradiated plasma-derived EVs could alter the biological effects in osteoblasts, which is closely associated with the levels of GPX1 and the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. This suggests that plasma-derived EVs serve as a crucial factor contributing to radiation-induced bystander effect in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Wenqiong Luo
- Department of Stomatology, The First People's Hospital of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, China.
| | - Feihong Gan
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China.
| | - Mao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Yang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China.
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