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Enright AL, Heelan WJ, Ward RD, Peters JM. CRISPRi functional genomics in bacteria and its application to medical and industrial research. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0017022. [PMID: 38809084 PMCID: PMC11332340 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00170-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYFunctional genomics is the use of systematic gene perturbation approaches to determine the contributions of genes under conditions of interest. Although functional genomic strategies have been used in bacteria for decades, recent studies have taken advantage of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technologies, such as CRISPRi (CRISPR interference), that are capable of precisely modulating expression of all genes in the genome. Here, we discuss and review the use of CRISPRi and related technologies for bacterial functional genomics. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of CRISPRi as well as design considerations for CRISPRi genetic screens. We also review examples of how CRISPRi screens have defined relevant genetic targets for medical and industrial applications. Finally, we outline a few of the many possible directions that could be pursued using CRISPR-based functional genomics in bacteria. Our view is that the most exciting screens and discoveries are yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Enright
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William J. Heelan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ryan D. Ward
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jason M. Peters
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Simwela NV, Johnston L, Pavinski Bitar P, Jaecklein E, Altier C, Sassetti CM, Russell DG. Genome-wide screen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis- infected macrophages identified the GID/CTLH complex as a determinant of intracellular bacterial growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.06.592714. [PMID: 38766174 PMCID: PMC11100626 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.592714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The eukaryotic GID/CTLH complex is a highly conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in a broad range of biological processes. However, a role of this complex in host antimicrobial defenses has not been described. We exploited Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) induced cytotoxicity in macrophages in a FACS based CRISPR genetic screen to identify host determinants of intracellular Mtb growth restriction. Our screen identified 5 ( GID8 , YPEL5 , WDR26 , UBE2H , MAEA ) of the 10 predicted members of the GID/CTLH complex as determinants of intracellular growth of both Mtb and Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. We show that the antimicrobial properties of the GID/CTLH complex knockdown macrophages are mediated by enhanced GABAergic signaling, activated AMPK, increased autophagic flux and resistance to cell death. Meanwhile, Mtb isolated from GID/CTLH knockdown macrophages are nutritionally starved and oxidatively stressed. Our study identifies the GID/CTLH complex activity as broadly suppressive of host antimicrobial responses against intracellular bacterial infections. Graphical abstract
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Shi L, Gu R, Long J, Duan G, Yang H. Application of CRISPR-cas-based technology for the identification of tuberculosis, drug discovery and vaccine development. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:466. [PMID: 38551745 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), which caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent and continues to be a major public health burden for the global community. Despite being the only globally licenced prophylactic vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has multiple deficiencies, and effective diagnostic and therapeutic options are limited. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas (CRISPR-associated proteins) is an adaptive immune system that is found in bacteria and has great potential for the development of novel antituberculosis drugs and vaccines. In addition, CRISPR-Cas is currently recognized as a prospective tool for the development of therapies for TB infection with potential diagnostic and therapeutic value, and CRISPR-Cas may become a viable tool for eliminating TB in the future. Herein, we systematically summarize the current applications of CRISPR-Cas-based technology for TB detection and its potential roles in drug discovery and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiqi Gu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinzhao Long
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Hayashi N, Lai Y, Fuerte-Stone J, Mimee M, Lu TK. Cas9-assisted biological containment of a genetically engineered human commensal bacterium and genetic elements. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2096. [PMID: 38453913 PMCID: PMC10920895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45893-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Sophisticated gene circuits built by synthetic biology can enable bacteria to sense their environment and respond predictably. Engineered biosensing bacteria outfitted with such circuits can potentially probe the human gut microbiome to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease. To provide robust biocontainment for engineered bacteria, we devised a Cas9-assisted auxotrophic biocontainment system combining thymidine auxotrophy, an Engineered Riboregulator (ER) for controlled gene expression, and a CRISPR Device (CD). The CD prevents the engineered bacteria from acquiring thyA via horizontal gene transfer, which would disrupt the biocontainment system, and inhibits the spread of genetic elements by killing bacteria harboring the gene cassette. This system tunably controlled gene expression in the human gut commensal bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, prevented escape from thymidine auxotrophy, and blocked transgene dissemination. These capabilities were validated in vitro and in vivo. This biocontainment system exemplifies a powerful strategy for bringing genetically engineered microorganisms safely into biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hayashi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- JSR-Keio University Medical and Chemical Innovation Center (JKiC), JSR Corp., 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yong Lai
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jay Fuerte-Stone
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mark Mimee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Synthetic Biology Group, MIT Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Srivastava K, Pandit B. Genome-wide CRISPR screens and their applications in infectious disease. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1243731. [PMID: 37794981 PMCID: PMC10546192 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1243731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation or targeted disruption of a gene provides clues to assess the function of the gene in many cellular processes. Knockdown or knocking out a gene has been widely used for this purpose. However, recently CRISPR mediated genome editing has taken over the knockout/knockdown system with more precision. CRISPR technique has enabled us to perform targeted mutagenesis or genome editing to address questions in fundamental biology to biomedical research. Its application is wide in understanding the role of genes in the disease process, and response to therapy in cancer, metabolic disorders, or infectious disease. In this article, we have focused on infectious disease and how genome-wide CRISPR screens have enabled us to identify host factors involved in the process of infection. Understanding the biology of the host-pathogen interaction is of immense importance in planning host-directed therapy to improve better management of the disease. Genome-wide CRISPR screens provide strong mechanistic ways to identify the host dependency factors involved in various infections. We presented insights into genome-wide CRISPR screens conducted in the context of infectious diseases both viral and bacterial that led to better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and immune networks. We have discussed the advancement of knowledge pertaining to influenza virus, different hepatitis viruses, HIV, most recent SARS CoV2 and few more. Among bacterial diseases, we have focused on infection with life threatening Mycobacteria, Salmonella, S. aureus, etc. It appears that the CRISPR technique can be applied universally to multiple infectious disease models to unravel the role of known or novel host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhaswati Pandit
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG), Calcutta, West Bengal, India
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Zein-Eddine R, Refrégier G, Cervantes J, Yokobori NK. The future of CRISPR in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:34. [PMID: 37245014 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas systems rapidly raised from a bacterial genetic curiosity to the most popular tool for genetic modifications which revolutionized the study of microbial physiology. Due to the highly conserved nature of the CRISPR locus in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of one of the deadliest infectious diseases globally, initially, little attention was paid to its CRISPR locus, other than as a phylogenetic marker. Recent research shows that M. tuberculosis has a partially functional Type III CRISPR, which provides a defense mechanism against foreign genetic elements mediated by the ancillary RNAse Csm6. With the advent of CRISPR-Cas based gene edition technologies, our possibilities to explore the biology of M. tuberculosis and its interaction with the host immune system are boosted. CRISPR-based diagnostic methods can lower the detection threshold to femtomolar levels, which could contribute to the diagnosis of the still elusive paucibacillary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases. In addition, one-pot and point-of-care tests are under development, and future challenges are discussed. We present in this literature review the potential and actual impact of CRISPR-Cas research on human tuberculosis understanding and management. Altogether, the CRISPR-revolution will revitalize the fight against tuberculosis with more research and technological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Zein-Eddine
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences (LOB), Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Guislaine Refrégier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jorge Cervantes
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Noemí Kaoru Yokobori
- Servicio de Micobacterias, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI)-ANLIS and CONICET, C1282AFF, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bedard M, van der Niet S, Bernard EM, Babunovic G, Cheng TY, Aylan B, Grootemaat AE, Raman S, Botella L, Ishikawa E, O'Sullivan MP, O'Leary S, Mayfield JA, Buter J, Minnaard AJ, Fortune SM, Murphy LO, Ory DS, Keane J, Yamasaki S, Gutierrez MG, van der Wel N, Moody DB. A terpene nucleoside from M. tuberculosis induces lysosomal lipid storage in foamy macrophages. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:161944. [PMID: 36757797 PMCID: PMC10014106 DOI: 10.1172/jci161944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of lipid-laden foamy macrophages is a cellular hallmark of tuberculosis (TB) disease, which involves the transformation of infected phagolysosomes from a site of killing into a nutrient-rich replicative niche. Here, we show that a terpenyl nucleoside shed from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 1-tuberculosinyladenosine (1-TbAd), caused lysosomal maturation arrest and autophagy blockade, leading to lipid storage in M1 macrophages. Pure 1-TbAd, or infection with terpenyl nucleoside-producing M. tuberculosis, caused intralysosomal and peribacillary lipid storage patterns that matched both the molecules and subcellular locations known in foamy macrophages. Lipidomics showed that 1-TbAd induced storage of triacylglycerides and cholesterylesters and that 1-TbAd increased M. tuberculosis growth under conditions of restricted lipid access in macrophages. Furthermore, lipidomics identified 1-TbAd-induced lipid substrates that define Gaucher's disease, Wolman's disease, and other inborn lysosomal storage diseases. These data identify genetic and molecular causes of M. tuberculosis-induced lysosomal failure, leading to successful testing of an agonist of TRPML1 calcium channels that reverses lipid storage in cells. These data establish the host-directed cellular functions of an orphan effector molecule that promotes survival in macrophages, providing both an upstream cause and detailed picture of lysosome failure in foamy macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bedard
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanne van der Niet
- Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elliott M Bernard
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Babunovic
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beren Aylan
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anita E Grootemaat
- Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sahadevan Raman
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laure Botella
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mary P O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seónadh O'Leary
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacob A Mayfield
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Daniel S Ory
- Casma Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole van der Wel
- Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Reheman A, Cao X, Wang Y, Nie X, Cao G, Zhou W, Yang B, Lei Y, Zhang W, Naeem MA, Chen X. Involvement of 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase-like protein in the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis avirulent strain in macrophages. ANIMAL DISEASES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-023-00068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) can replicate in the macrophage by interfering with many host protein functions. While it is far from known these host proteins for controlling M. tuberculosis infection. Herein, we infected macrophages including THP-1 and Raw264.7 cells with M. tuberculosis and identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the interferon signaling pathway. Among them, 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase-like (OASL) underwent the greatest upregulation in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Knockdown of the expression of OASL attenuated M. tuberculosis survival in macrophages. Further, bioinformatics analysis revealed the potential interaction axis of OASL-TAB3- Rv0127, which was further validated by the yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) assay and Co-IP. This interaction axis might regulate the M. tuberculosis survival and proliferation in macrophages. The study reveals a possible role of OASL during M. tuberculosis infection as a target to control its propagation.
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Bi K, Cao D, Ding C, Lu S, Lu H, Zhang G, Zhang W, Li L, Xu K, Li L, Zhang Y. The past, present and future of tuberculosis treatment. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 51:657-668. [PMID: 36915970 PMCID: PMC10262004 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2022-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient infectious disease. Before the availability of effective drug therapy, it had high morbidity and mortality. In the past 100 years, the discovery of revolutionary anti-TB drugs such as streptomycin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and rifampicin, along with drug combination treatment, has greatly improved TB control globally. As anti-TB drugs were widely used, multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis emerged due to acquired genetic mutations, and this now presents a major problem for effective treatment. Genes associated with drug resistance have been identified, including katG mutations in isoniazid resistance, rpoB mutations in rifampin resistance, pncA mutations in pyrazinamide resistance, and gyrA mutations in quinolone resistance. The major mechanisms of drug resistance include loss of enzyme activity in prodrug activation, drug target alteration, overexpression of drug target, and overexpression of the efflux pump. During the disease process, Mycobacterium tuberculosis may reside in different microenvironments where it is expose to acidic pH, low oxygen, reactive oxygen species and anti-TB drugs, which can facilitate the development of non-replicating persisters and promote bacterial survival. The mechanisms of persister formation may include toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules, DNA protection and repair, protein degradation such as trans-translation, efflux, and altered metabolism. In recent years, the use of new anti-TB drugs, repurposed drugs, and their drug combinations has greatly improved treatment outcomes in patients with both drug-susceptible TB and MDR/XDR-TB. The importance of developing more effective drugs targeting persisters of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is emphasized. In addition, host-directed therapeutics using both conventional drugs and herbal medicines for more effective TB treatment should also be explored. In this article, we review historical aspects of the research on anti-TB drugs and discuss the current understanding and treatments of drug resistant and persistent tuberculosis to inform future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefan Bi
- 1. The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003,China
- 2. Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Dan Cao
- 1. The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003,China
- 2. Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Cheng Ding
- 1. The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003,China
| | - Shuihua Lu
- 3. Department for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- 3. Department for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- 4. Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- 5. Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Liang Li
- 6. Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101199, China
| | - Kaijin Xu
- 1. The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003,China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- 1. The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003,China
- 2. Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- 1. The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003,China
- 2. Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250117, China
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Erythrocyte-Plasmodium interactions: genetic manipulation of the erythroid lineage. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 70:102221. [PMID: 36242898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeting critical host factors is an emerging concept in the treatment of infectious diseases. As obligate pathogens of erythrocytes, the Plasmodium spp. parasites that cause malaria must exploit erythroid host factors for their survival. However, our understanding of this important aspect of the malaria lifecycle is limited, in part because erythrocytes are enucleated cells that lack a nucleus and DNA, rendering them genetically intractable. Recent advances in genetic analysis of the erythroid lineage using small-hairpin RNAs and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) in red-blood cells derived from stem cells have generated new insights into the functions of several candidate host factors for Plasmodium parasites. Along with efforts in other hematopoietic cells, these advances have also laid a strong foundation for genetic screens to identify novel erythrocyte host factors for malaria.
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Wang B, Law A, Regan T, Parkinson N, Cole J, Russell CD, Dockrell DH, Gutmann MU, Baillie JK. Systematic comparison of ranking aggregation methods for gene lists in experimental results. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:4927-4933. [PMID: 36094347 PMCID: PMC9620830 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION A common experimental output in biomedical science is a list of genes implicated in a given biological process or disease. The gene lists resulting from a group of studies answering the same, or similar, questions can be combined by ranking aggregation methods to find a consensus or a more reliable answer. Evaluating a ranking aggregation method on a specific type of data before using it is required to support the reliability since the property of a dataset can influence the performance of an algorithm. Such evaluation on gene lists is usually based on a simulated database because of the lack of a known truth for real data. However, simulated datasets tend to be too small compared to experimental data and neglect key features, including heterogeneity of quality, relevance and the inclusion of unranked lists. RESULTS In this study, a group of existing methods and their variations that are suitable for meta-analysis of gene lists are compared using simulated and real data. Simulated data were used to explore the performance of the aggregation methods as a function of emulating the common scenarios of real genomic data, with various heterogeneity of quality, noise level and a mix of unranked and ranked data using 20 000 possible entities. In addition to the evaluation with simulated data, a comparison using real genomic data on the SARS-CoV-2 virus, cancer (non-small cell lung cancer) and bacteria (macrophage apoptosis) was performed. We summarize the results of our evaluation in a simple flowchart to select a ranking aggregation method, and in an automated implementation using the meta-analysis by information content algorithm to infer heterogeneity of data quality across input datasets. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The code for simulated data generation and running edited version of algorithms: https://github.com/baillielab/comparison_of_RA_methods. Code to perform an optimal selection of methods based on the results of this review, using the MAIC algorithm to infer the characteristics of an input dataset, can be downloaded here: https://github.com/baillielab/maic. An online service for running MAIC: https://baillielab.net/maic. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Andy Law
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tim Regan
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Joby Cole
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2NT, UK
| | - Clark D Russell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David H Dockrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Michael U Gutmann
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK
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Amici DR, Ansel DJ, Metz KA, Smith RS, Phoumyvong CM, Gayatri S, Chamera T, Edwards SL, O’Hara BP, Srivastava S, Brockway S, Takagishi SR, Cho BK, Goo YA, Kelleher NL, Ben-Sahra I, Foltz DR, Li J, Mendillo ML. C16orf72/HAPSTR1 is a molecular rheostat in an integrated network of stress response pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2111262119. [PMID: 35776542 PMCID: PMC9271168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111262119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells contain specialized signaling pathways that enable adaptation to specific molecular stressors. Yet, whether these pathways are centrally regulated in complex physiological stress states remains unclear. Using genome-scale fitness screening data, we quantified the stress phenotype of 739 cancer cell lines, each representing a unique combination of intrinsic tumor stresses. Integrating dependency and stress perturbation transcriptomic data, we illuminated a network of genes with vital functions spanning diverse stress contexts. Analyses for central regulators of this network nominated C16orf72/HAPSTR1, an evolutionarily ancient gene critical for the fitness of cells reliant on multiple stress response pathways. We found that HAPSTR1 plays a pleiotropic role in cellular stress signaling, functioning to titrate various specialized cell-autonomous and paracrine stress response programs. This function, while dispensable to unstressed cells and nematodes, is essential for resilience in the presence of stressors ranging from DNA damage to starvation and proteotoxicity. Mechanistically, diverse stresses induce HAPSTR1, which encodes a protein expressed as two equally abundant isoforms. Perfectly conserved residues in a domain shared between HAPSTR1 isoforms mediate oligomerization and binding to the ubiquitin ligase HUWE1. We show that HUWE1 is a required cofactor for HAPSTR1 to control stress signaling and that, in turn, HUWE1 feeds back to ubiquitinate and destabilize HAPSTR1. Altogether, we propose that HAPSTR1 is a central rheostat in a network of pathways responsible for cellular adaptability, the modulation of which may have broad utility in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Amici
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
| | - Daniel J. Ansel
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
| | - Kyle A. Metz
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
| | - Roger S. Smith
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
| | - Claire M. Phoumyvong
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
| | - Sitaram Gayatri
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
| | - Tomasz Chamera
- Functional and Chemical Genomics Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Stacey L. Edwards
- Functional and Chemical Genomics Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Brendan P. O’Hara
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
| | - Shashank Srivastava
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
| | - Sonia Brockway
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
| | - Seesha R. Takagishi
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
| | - Byoung-Kyu Cho
- Northwestern Proteomics Center of Excellence Core Facility, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Young Ah Goo
- Northwestern Proteomics Center of Excellence Core Facility, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Northwestern Proteomics Center of Excellence Core Facility, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Issam Ben-Sahra
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
| | - Daniel R. Foltz
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
| | - Jian Li
- Functional and Chemical Genomics Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Marc L. Mendillo
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610
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Moreira JD, Iakhiaev A, Vankayalapati R, Jung BG, Samten B. Histone Deacetylase-2 Controls IL-1β Production through the Regulation of NLRP3 Expression and Activation in Tuberculosis Infection. iScience 2022; 25:104799. [PMID: 35982796 PMCID: PMC9379586 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are critical immune regulators. However, their roles in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production remain unclear. By screening 11 zinc-dependent HDACs with chemical inhibitors, we found that HDAC1 inhibitor, 4-(dimethylamino)-N-[6-(hydroxyamino)-6-oxohexyl]-benzamide (DHOB), enhanced IL-1β production by macrophage and dendritic cells upon TLR4 stimulation or Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection through IL-1β maturation via elevated NLRP3 expression, increased cleaved caspase-1, and enhanced ASC oligomerization. DHOB rescued defective IL-1β production by dendritic cells infected with M. tuberculosis with ESAT-6 deletion, a virulence factor shown to activate NLRP3 inflammasome. DHOB increased IL-1β production and NLRP3 expression in a tuberculosis mouse model. Although DHOB inhibited HDAC activities of both HDAC1 and HDAC2 by direct binding, knockdown of HDAC2, but not HDAC1, increased IL-1β production and NLRP3 expression in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. These data suggest that HDAC2, but not HDAC1, controls IL-1β production through NLRP3 inflammasome activation, a mechanism with a significance in chronic inflammatory diseases including tuberculosis. HDAC1 inhibitor, DHOB, increased IL-1β production via NLRP3 inflammasome activation DHOB suppressed deacetylase activities of both HDAC1 and HDAC2 by direct interaction Deletion of HDAC2, but not HDAC1, increased IL-β production by increased NLRP3 expression DHOB increased IL-1β and NLRP3 expression in a mouse model of TB infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jôsimar Dornelas Moreira
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Alexei Iakhiaev
- Division of Natural & Computational Sciences, Texas College, 2404 North Grand Avenue, Tyler, TX 75702, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Bock-Gie Jung
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Buka Samten
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
- Corresponding author
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CRISPR Interference Reveals That All- Trans-Retinoic Acid Promotes Macrophage Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Limiting Bacterial Access to Cholesterol and Propionyl Coenzyme A. mBio 2022; 13:e0368321. [PMID: 35038923 PMCID: PMC8764544 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03683-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a protective replicative niche for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) but can kill the infecting bacterium when appropriately activated. To identify mechanisms of clearance, we compared levels of bacterial restriction by human macrophages after treatment with 26 compounds, including some currently in clinical trials for tuberculosis. All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, drove the greatest increase in Mtb control. Bacterial clearance was transcriptionally and functionally associated with changes in macrophage cholesterol trafficking and lipid metabolism. To determine how these macrophage changes affected bacterial control, we performed the first Mtb CRISPR interference screen in an infection model, identifying Mtb genes specifically required to survive in ATRA-activated macrophages. These data showed that ATRA treatment starves Mtb of cholesterol and the downstream metabolite propionyl coenzyme A (propionyl-CoA). Supplementation with sources of propionyl-CoA, including cholesterol, abrogated the restrictive effect of ATRA. This work demonstrates that targeting the coupled metabolism of Mtb and the macrophage improves control of infection and that it is possible to genetically map the mode of bacterial death using CRISPR interference. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a leading cause of death due to infectious disease. Improving the immune response to tuberculosis holds promise for fighting the disease but is limited by our lack of knowledge as to how the immune system kills M. tuberculosis. Our research identifies a potent way to make relevant immune cells more effective at fighting M. tuberculosis and then uses paired human and bacterial genomic methods to determine the mechanism of that improved bacterial clearance.
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High-Throughput CRISPR Screens To Dissect Macrophage- Shigella Interactions. mBio 2021; 12:e0215821. [PMID: 34933448 PMCID: PMC8689513 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02158-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis causes most diarrheal deaths worldwide, particularly affecting children. Shigella invades and replicates in the epithelium of the large intestine, eliciting inflammation and tissue destruction. To understand how Shigella rewires macrophages prior to epithelium invasion, we performed genome-wide and focused secondary CRISPR knockout and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screens in Shigella flexneri-infected human monocytic THP-1 cells. Knockdown of the Toll-like receptor 1/2 signaling pathway significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, enhanced host cell survival, and controlled intracellular pathogen growth. Knockdown of the enzymatic component of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enhanced THP-1 cell survival. Small-molecule inhibitors blocking key components of these pathways had similar effects; these were validated with human monocyte-derived macrophages, which closely mimic the in vivo physiological state of macrophages postinfection. High-throughput CRISPR screens can elucidate how S. flexneri triggers inflammation and redirects host pyruvate catabolism for energy acquisition before killing macrophages, pointing to new shigellosis therapies.
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Dilip Kumar S, Aashabharathi M, KarthigaDevi G, Subbaiya R, Saravanan M. Insights of CRISPR-Cas systems in stem cells: progress in regenerative medicine. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:657-673. [PMID: 34687393 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine, a therapeutic approach using stem cells, aims to rejuvenate and restore the normalized function of the cells, tissues, and organs that are injured, malfunctioning, and afflicted. This influential technology reaches its zenith when it is integrated with the CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated) technology of genome editing. This tool acts as a programmable restriction enzyme system, which targets DNA as well as RNA and gets redeployed for the customization of DNA/RNA sequences. The dynamic behaviour of nuclear manipulation and transcriptional regulation by CRISPR-Cas technology renders it with numerous employment in the field of biologics and research. Here, the possible impact of the commonly practiced CRISPR-Cas systems in regenerative medicines is being reviewed. Primarily, the discussion of the working mechanism of this system and the fate of stem cells will be scrutinized. A detailed description of the CRISPR based regenerative therapeutic approaches for a horde of diseases like genetic disorders, neural diseases, and blood-related diseases is elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Dilip Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 117, India
| | - Manimaran Aashabharathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chembarambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 123, India
| | - Guruviah KarthigaDevi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 117, India
| | - Ramasamy Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P.O Box. 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- AMR and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India.
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Fleck N, Grundner C. A Cas12a-based CRISPR interference system for multigene regulation in mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100990. [PMID: 34298016 PMCID: PMC8363830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria are responsible for a heavy global disease burden, but their relative genetic intractability has long frustrated research efforts. The introduction of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) interference (CRISPRi) has made gene repression in mycobacteria much more efficient, but limitations of the prototypical Cas9-based platform, for example, in multigene regulation, remain. Here, we introduce an alternative CRISPRi platform for mycobacteria that is based on the minimal type V Cas12a enzyme in combination with synthetic CRISPR arrays. This system is simple, tunable, reversible, can efficiently regulate essential genes and multiple genes simultaneously, and works as efficiently in infected macrophages as it does in vitro. Together, Cas12a-based CRISPRi provides a facile tool to probe higher-order genetic interactions in mycobacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which will enable the development of synthetically lethal drug targets and the study of genes conditionally essential during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Fleck
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christoph Grundner
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Pellegrino E, Gutierrez MG. Human stem cell-based models for studying host-pathogen interactions. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13335. [PMID: 33792137 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of human cell lines and primary cells as in vitro models represents a valuable approach to study cellular responses to infection. However, with the advent of new molecular technologies and tools available, there is a growing need to develop more physiologically relevant systems to overcome cell line model limitations and better mimic human disease. Since the discovery of human stem cells, its use has revolutionised the development of in vitro models. This is because after differentiation, these cells have the potential to reflect in vivo cell phenotypes and allow for probing questions in numerous fields of the biological sciences. Moreover, the possibility to combine the advantages of stem cell-derived cell types with genome editing technologies and engineered 3D microenvironments, provides enormous potential for producing in vitro systems to investigate cellular responses to infection that are both relevant and predictive. Here, we discuss recent advances in the use of human stem cells to model host-pathogen interactions, highlighting emerging technologies in the field of stem cell biology that can be exploited to investigate the fundamental biology of infection. TAKE AWAYS: hPSC overcome current limitations to study host-pathogen interactions in vitro. Genome editing can be used in hPSC to study cellular responses to infection. hPSC, 3D models and genome editing can recreate physiological in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Pellegrino
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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