Predictive control of parabolic PDEs with boundary control actuation

Fuzzy Boundary Sampled-Data Control for Nonlinear Parabolic DPSs

For a nonlinear parabolic distributed parameter system (DPS), a fuzzy boundary sampled-data (SD) control method is introduced in this article, where distributed SD measurement and boundary SD measurement are respected. Initially, this nonlinear parabolic DPS is represented precisely by a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) model. Subsequently, under distributed SD measurement and boundary SD measurement, a fuzzy boundary SD control design is obtained via linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) on the basis of the T-S fuzzy parabolic PDE model to guarantee exponential stability for closed-loop parabolic DPS by using inequality techniques and a acrlong LF. Furthermore, respecting the property of membership functions, we present some LMI-based fuzzy boundary SD control design conditions. Finally, the effectiveness of the designed fuzzy boundary SD controller is demonstrated via two simulation examples.

Dynamic Boundary Fuzzy Control Design of Semilinear Parabolic PDE Systems With Spatially Noncollocated Discrete Observation

The problem of dynamic boundary fuzzy control design is investigated in this paper for nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) systems with spatially noncollocated discrete observation. Two cases of noncollocated discrete observation in space (i.e., pointwise observation in space and local piecewise uniform observation in space) are considered, respectively. The spatially noncollocated discrete observation makes the control design very difficult. Such design difficulty can be surmounted by an observer-based feedback control technique. It is assumed that the semilinear PDEs are accurately represented by a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy PDE model. On the basis of the obtained fuzzy PDE model, a fuzzy Luenberger-type PDE state observer with above two cases of noncollocated discrete observation in space is first proposed for exponential estimation of the PDE system state. An observer-based dynamic fuzzy controller is then constructed such that the resulting closed-loop system is exponentially stable. Sufficient conditions on existence of such fuzzy controller are developed by Lyapunov technique with variations of vector-valued Poincaré-Wirtinger inequality, and presented in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, extensive numerical simulation results of two examples are provided to support the proposed design method.

Studies on Feedback Control of Cardiac Alternans

A beat-to-beat variation in the electric wave propagation morphology in myocardium is referred to as cardiac alternans and it has been linked to the onset of life threatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Experimental studies have demonstrated that alternans can be annihilated by the feedback modulation of the basic pacing interval in a small piece of cardiac tissue. In this work, we study the capability of feedback control to suppress alternans both spatially and temporally in an extracted rabbit heart and in a cable of cardiac cells. This work demonstrates real-time control of cardiac alternans in an extracted rabbit heart and provides an analysis of the control methodology applied in the case of a one-dimensional (1D) cable of cardiac cells. The real-time system control is realized through feedback by proportional perturbation of the basic pacing cycle length (PCL). The measurements of the electric wave propagation are obtained by optical mapping of fluorescent dye from the surface of the heart and are fed into a custom-designed software that provides the control action signal that perturbs the basic pacing cycle length. In addition, a novel pacing protocol that avoids conduction block is applied. A numerical analysis, complementary to the experimental study is also carried out, by the ionic model of a 1D cable of cardiac cells under a self-referencing feedback protocol, which is identical to the one applied in the experimental study. Further, the amplitude of alternans linear parabolic PDE that is associated with the 1D ionic cardiac cell cable model under full state feedback control is analyzed. We provide an analysis of the amplitude of alternans parabolic PDE which admits a standard evolutionary form in a well defined functional space. Standard modal decomposition techniques are used in the analysis and the controller synthesis is carried out through pole-placement. State and output feedback controller realizations are developed and the important issue of measurement noise in the controller implementation is addressed. The analysis of stabilization of the amplitude of alternans PDE is in agreement with the experimental results and numerical results produced by the ionic 1D cable of cardiac cells model. Finally, a discussion is provided in light of these results in order to use control to suppress alternans in the human myocardium.