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Zhao X, Liu X, Zhang Z, Ren W, Lin C, He M, Ouyang W. Mechanochemical remediation of contaminated soil: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174117. [PMID: 38908592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical techniques have been garnering growing attention in remediation of contaminated soil. This paper summarizes the performance, mechanism, influential factors, and environmental impacts of mechanochemical remediation (MCR) for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) contaminated soil and heavy metal(loid) s (HMs) contaminated soil. Firstly, in contrast to other technologies, MCR can achieve desirable treatment of POPs, HMs, and co-contaminated soil, especially with high-concentration pollutants. Secondly, POPs undergo mineralization via interaction with mechanically activated substances, where aromatic and aliphatic pollutants in soil may go through varied degradation routes; inorganic pollutants can be firmly combined with soil particles by fragmentation and agglomeration induced by mechanical power, during which additives may enhance the combination but their contact with anionic metal(loid)s may be partially suppressed. Thirdly, the effect of MCR primarily hinges on types of milling systems, the accumulation of mechanical energy, and the use of reagents, which is basically regulated through operating parameters: rotation speed, ball-to-powder ratio, reagent-to-soil ratio, milling time, and soil treatment capacity; minerals like clay, metal oxides, and sand in soil itself are feasible reagents for remediation, and alien additives play a crucial role in synergist and detoxification; additionally, various physicochemical properties of soil might influence the mechanochemical effect to varying degrees, yet the key influential performance and mechanism remain unclear and require further investigation. Concerning the assessment of soil after treatment, attention needs to be paid to soil properties, toxicity of POPs' intermediates and leaching HMs, and long-term appraisement, particularly with the introduction of aggressive additives into the system. Finally, proposals for current issues and forthcoming advancements in this domain are enumerated in items. This review provides valuable insight into mechanochemical approaches for performing more effective and eco-friendly remediation on contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zhenguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wenbo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
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2
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Long J, Tan D, Huang Z, Xiao Y, Huang B, Xiao H, Zhou D. Washing antimony and arsenic from agricultural soil with eco-friendly organic acids and the relevant bioavailability assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 46:19. [PMID: 38147168 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) contamination in agricultural soil poses human health risks through agricultural products. Soil washing with degradable low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) is an eco-friendly strategy to remediate agricultural soils. In this study, three eco-friendly LMWOAs, oxalic acid (OA), tartaric acid (TA), and citric acid (CA), were used to treat Sb and As co-contaminated agricultural soil from Xikuangshan mine area. The OA, TA, and CA washed out 18.4, 16.8, and 26.6% of Sb and 15.3, 19.9, and 23.8% of As from the agricultural soil, with CA being the most efficient reagent for the soil washing. These organic acids also led to pH decline and macronutrients losses. Fraction analysis using a sequential extraction procedure showed that the three organic acids targeted and decreased the specifically sorbed (F2) (by 19.3-37.6% and 2.41-23.5%), amorphous iron oxide associated (F3) (by 49.1-61.2% and 51.2-70.2%), and crystallized iron oxide associated (F4) (by 12.3-26.0% and 26.1-29.1%) Sb and As. The leachability of Sb and As, as well as their concentrations and bioconcentration factor (BCF) in vegetables reduced due to the soil washing. It demonstrated that the bioavailability of both the elements was decreased by the organic acids washing. The concentrations of Sb and As in typical vegetable species cultivated in CA washed soil were less than the threshold value for consumption safety, while those in OA and TA washed soils were still higher than the value, suggesting that only CA is a potential washing reagent in soil washing for Sb- and As-contaminated agricultural soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiumei Long
- College of Resources and Environment, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Tan
- Changde Ecological Environment Bureau, Changde, 415000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Binyan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxi Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, 563006, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Grabias-Blicharz E, Franus W. A critical review on mechanochemical processing of fly ash and fly ash-derived materials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160529. [PMID: 36574561 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fly ash (FA) is a solid, fine powder that constitutes a by-product obtained when coal, biomass, municipal solid waste or a mixture of these are combusted. This review article focuses on the mechanochemistry of coal fly ash (CFA), as well as highlights the issue of fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW). In general, FA is regarded as a waste of public concern (since it contains hazardous components), which is primarily consumed in the construction industry, as well as in chemical synthesis and environmental engineering. However, the actual amount of FA recycled is still less than the amount produced, with the reuse rate of only up to 30 %. Due to its relatively low reactivity and heterogeneity, FA is commonly landfilled in huge quantities. Nevertheless, the physical and chemical properties of FA can be tailored, for example, by mechanical forces, ultimately leading to a higher value-added product. Currently, mechanochemistry (MC) is drawing attention in chemical synthesis, pollution remediation and waste management, especially as a possible solution for various drawbacks of conventional syntheses and processes. Mechanochemical processing of FA can be considered eco-friendly, inexpensive and efficient, in particular for processing tons of readily available fly ash already stored in ponds or landfills. With the aim of highlighting the hidden potential and facilitating the favorable use of FA, this article deals with FA as an environmentally challenging material, FA reactivity and recycling through mechanochemical processing, mechanochemical stabilization of heavy metals in FA, as well as up-to-date challenges for life cycle assessment (LCA) in evaluating FA-derived materials. Furthermore, all these full-potential aspects of FA mechanochemistry have not been addressed before, which is a valuable contribution to the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Grabias-Blicharz
- Department of Construction Materials Engineering and Geoengineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Franus
- Department of Construction Materials Engineering and Geoengineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland.
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4
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Yang S, Cheng Y, Zou H, Tao E. Synergistic roles of montmorillonite and organic matter in reducing bioavailable state of chromium in tannery sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:87298-87309. [PMID: 35802330 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic matter (OM) has an excellent retention effect on stabilizing chromium (Cr), and functional groups on OM play a predominant role in this process. Based on this result, it is found that a considerable amount of Cr in tannery sludge is immobilized from ion exchangeable species into bound species, benefiting from complexing reaction with functional groups. Especially, the mentioned immobilizing process is enhanced in way of adding with montmorillonite (MMT) which performs adsorption reaction with Cr, as well as plays interaction with functional groups. The result is confirmed by employing density functional theory (DFT) analysis, suggesting the binding ability among Cr, functional groups, and MMT is stronger (- 77.36503 eV) than that of the system of Cr and MMT (- 61.29942 eV), indicating the synergetic roles of OM and MMT. This synergetic role could also be illustrated by a new peak (Cr-OH 20.1%) shown in XPS result. Meanwhile, DFT analysis emphasizes that functional groups on OM give the response for binding with Cr in the order of hydroxyl (-OH) > carboxyl (-COOH) > epoxy (-COC), and all the functional groups tend to donate electron to bind with Cr. In addition, the stabilizing process shows a better fitting effect with pseudo second-order kinetic model (R2 > 0.94), indicating that exchangeable Cr mass transfer and chemical adsorption occur simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Yang
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Surface Functionalization of Titanium Dioxide Powder, College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Surface Functionalization of Titanium Dioxide Powder, College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongtao Zou
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - E Tao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Surface Functionalization of Titanium Dioxide Powder, College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, Liaoning, China
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Grassi M, Colombo I, Manca D, Biasin A, Grassi L, Grassi G, Abrami M. Multiscale mathematical modelling of drug activation by co-grinding. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Yang S, Zou H, Cheng Y, Tao E. Immobilizing chromium in tannery sludge via adding collagen protein waste: an in-depth study on mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:30337-30347. [PMID: 34997490 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Owing to containing high fraction of organic matter, the tannery sludge seemed to be fit for composting. Actually, it was intensively harmful to the environment, due to containing chromium (Cr). So it might undergo a long time of storage until finding a proper way to dispose it. In the storage period, it would expose the surrounding environment a risk via releasing Cr. In this study, an approach was proposed to minimize the amount of released Cr, and reveal the mechanism on immobilizing Cr. Collagen protein waste (CPW) was adopted to immobilize Cr, and it was evaluated via leaching experiment. The lowest leaching concentration of Cr was 12 mg/L, meeting the limits of related standard in China (GB 5085.3-2007, Tcr < 15 mg/L). Moreover, the compositions and functional groups of the optimum sample (12 mg/L) were also characterized, confirming that the dominant functional groups cross-linking with Cr were hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), and epoxy (-COC). Importantly, density functional theory (DFT) calculation was also employed, suggesting that Cr was restrained by accepting electrons from O atoms donating by functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Yang
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Functional Compounds, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Experiment Management, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China
| | - Hongtao Zou
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Ying Cheng
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Functional Compounds, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Experiment Management, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China
| | - E Tao
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Functional Compounds, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center of Experiment Management, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, China
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7
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Wang L, Gao H, Wang M, Xue J. Remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by ball milling and reuse as heavy metal adsorbent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127305. [PMID: 34571471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple mechanochemical (MC) method is used to treat petroleum-contaminated soil and prepare a heavy metal adsorbent in one step. XRD, Raman, FT-IR, VSM, BET, and XPS were used to characterize the adsorbent. After MC treatment, the dissolved total petroleum hydrocarbons of the adsorbent is less than 1 mg·L-1, and a porous structure and carbonization phenomenon are evident. The specific surface area and cumulative void volume increase, and the adsorption pore size decreases. On the surface of soil, the percentages of iron oxides, carbonates, CO, -C-O-H, -COOH, and π unsaturated bonds increase. The Langmuir model shows that the maximum adsorption capacity of Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ are 338.58, 51.61, 32.34, and 25.05 mg·g-1, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model fits the Pb adsorption process, indicating the domination of chemical adsorption. GC-MS shows that petroleum hydrocarbons are completely degraded. The Tessier continuous extraction result shows that heavy metals are bound to carbonate, iron manganese oxide, and organic matter. The MC treatment achieves deep cleanup and resource utilization of petroleum-contaminated soil through the formation of amorphous carbon, carbonates, and iron oxides on the surface of soil particles. The material is magnetic and can be recycled when used in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Hang Gao
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China
| | - Mingxin Wang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China; Jiangsu Petrochemical Safety and Environmental Protection Engineering Research Center, Changzhou 213164, PR China.
| | - Jinjuan Xue
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, PR China; Jiangsu Petrochemical Safety and Environmental Protection Engineering Research Center, Changzhou 213164, PR China
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8
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Geng X, Zhao W, Zhou Q, Duan Y, Huang T, Liu X. Effect of the Mechanochemical Process on the Stability of Mercury in Simulated Fly Ash, Part 2: Sulfur Additive. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinze Geng
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Weimeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Engineering Laboratory for Energy System Process Conversion & Emission Control Technology of Jiangsu Province, School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yufeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tianfang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaoshuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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9
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Geng X, Zhao W, Zhou Q, Duan Y, Huang T, Liu X. Effect of a Mechanochemical Process on the Stability of Mercury in Simulated Fly Ash. Part 1. Ball Milling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinze Geng
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Weimeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Engineering Laboratory for Energy System Process Conversion & Emission Control Technology of Jiangsu Province, School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yufeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tianfang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaoshuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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10
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Concas A, Montinaro S, Pisu M, Lai N, Cao G. Experiments and modeling of mine soil inertization through mechano-chemical processing: from bench to pilot scale using attritor and impact mills. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31394-31407. [PMID: 32488720 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechano-chemical treatment has been recognized to be a promising technology for the immobilization of heavy metals (HMs) in contaminated soils without the use of additional reagents. Despite this, very few studies aiming to investigate the applicability of this technology at full scale have been published so far. In this study, a quantitative approach was developed to provide process design information to scale-up from laboratory- into pilot-scale mechano-chemical reactors for immobilizing heavy metals in contaminated mining soil. In fact, after preliminary experiments with laboratory-scale ball mills, experiments have been carried out by taking advantage of milling devices suited for pilot-scale applications. The experimental data of this work, along with literature ones, have been quantitatively interpreted by means of a mathematical model allowing to describe the effect of milling dynamics on the HM immobilization kinetics for applications at different scales. The results suggest that the mechanical process can trigger specific physico-chemical phenomena leading to a significant reduction of HMs leached from mining soils. Specifically, after suitably prolonged processing time, HM concentration in the leachate is lowered below the corresponding threshold limits. The observed behavior is well captured by the proposed model for different HMs and operating conditions. Therefore, the model might be exploited to infer design parameters for the implementation of this technique at the pilot and full scale. Moreover, it represents a valuable tool for designing and controlling mechano-chemical reactors at productive scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Concas
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), Loc. Piscina Manna, Building 1, 09050, Pula, CA, Italy.
| | - Selena Montinaro
- Innovative Materials Srl, Laboratorio Chimico Merceologico della Sardegna, via Emilio Segrè 2A-zona industriale, 09132, Elmas, CA, Italy
| | - Massimo Pisu
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), Loc. Piscina Manna, Building 1, 09050, Pula, CA, Italy
| | - Nicola Lai
- Interdepartmental Center of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cao
- Interdepartmental Center of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
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11
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Le HS, Qiu YR. Selective separation of Cd(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) from Pb-Zn smelter wastewater via shear induced dissociation coupling with ultrafiltration. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Concas A, Pisu M, Cao G. Mechanochemical immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils: A novel mathematical modeling of experimental outcomes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121731. [PMID: 31786025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical processing to immobilize heavy metals in contaminated soils has been proposed few years ago. The corresponding experimental results have shown that, under specific operating conditions, the mechanical energy provided by suitable ball mills, can greatly reduce heavy metals mobility without the addition of any reactant. Such results, together with the extreme simplicity of the proposed technique, are still very promising in view of its industrial transposition. Along these lines, the use of suitable mathematical models might represent a valuable tool which would permit to design and control mechano-chemical reactors for field applications. In this work, a simple albeit exhaustive model is proposed for the first time to quantitatively describe the effects of the dynamics of milling process, such as impact frequency and energy, on the immobilization kinetics. Model results and experimental data obtained so far are successfully compared in terms of leached heavy metals and immobilization efficiency evolution with treatment time. Finally, the potential capability of the model to contribute to the industrial scale transposition of the proposed technique is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Concas
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), Loc. Piscina Manna, Building 1, 09050 Pula CA, Italy.
| | - Massimo Pisu
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), Loc. Piscina Manna, Building 1, 09050 Pula CA, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cao
- Interdepartmental Center of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
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13
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Chen Z, Lu S, Tang M, Lin X, Qiu Q, He H, Yan J. Mechanochemical stabilization of heavy metals in fly ash with additives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133813. [PMID: 31756830 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry, as a non-thermal method showing remarkable degradation for persistent organic pollutants, is extended to stabilize the heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in the present study. The leaching suppression of heavy metals (i.e., Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Ni) facilitated by five additives during mechanochemical (MC) treatment is systematically investigated, identifying that almost all heavy metals are effectively suppressed with the assistance of either CaO or Ca3(PO4)2. The pH-dependent leaching test further reveals the superiority of Ca3(PO4)2 over CaO for heavy metals stabilization. Moreover, the evolution of heavy metal speciations analysed via an optimized sequential extraction procedure shows that MC treatment with Ca3(PO4)2 significantly reduces the water- and acid-soluble fraction with high mobility from 56.8, 1.39, 12.3, 8.46, 1.13, and 29.5% to 4.96, 0.17, 0.14, 7.36, 0.12, and 0.22%, respectively for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The risk assessment indicates remarkable detoxification of fly ash in terms of heavy metals after MC treatment: the Nemerow pollution index is dramatically decreased from 9.35 (far above 3.0- the threshold of seriously polluted domain) to 0.71 (slightly over 0.7- the threshold of safety domain). Finally, a hypothetical mechanism according with results in this study for MC stabilization of heavy metals in fly ash is proposed as: the conversion of heavy metal compounds from mobile to immobile form through reaction with additives after activated by mechanical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Minghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qili Qiu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
| | - Hao He
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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14
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Yuan WY, Xu WT, Zheng JL, Wang XY, Zhang QW. Immobilization of Pb, Cu and Zn in contaminated soil using ball milling technique. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2019; 225:103514. [PMID: 31220758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2019.103514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination caused by heavy metals has gained widespread attention from both government and public. In the present research, ball milling was utilized to remediate soil contaminated by Pb, Cu, and Zn and the influence of milling time on immobilization effectiveness was also investigated. The effectiveness of immobilization was evaluated by analyzing the leachable fraction of heavy metals from the ball-milled soil. When the milling time was 2 h, Pb, Cu, and Zn leaching concentrations decreased from 13.92 mg·L-1, 2.83 mg·L-1, and 114.42 mg·L-1 to 0.027 mg·L-1, 0.59 mg·L-1, and 0.16 mg·L-1, respectively; these values were all lower than the surface water Class III standard regulatory thresholds proposed by the Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Furthermore, the leaching characteristics of Pb, Cu, and Zn were investigated through pH-dependent tests and those results indicated that mechanical treatment improved the anti-acid ability of soil. In addition, the BCR sequential extraction procedure revealed that speciation shiftsof heavy metals are the root cause for the reduction of leaching concentrations; after ball milling of 4 h, the primary components of Pb, Cu and Zn in the soil were relatively stable (F2 + F3) and residual fraction (F4), which accounted for 76.75%, 67.06% and 48.05% of total Pb, Cu and Zn, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Yuan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China.
| | - Wei-Tong Xu
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Jiong-Li Zheng
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China; School of environmental and safety engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Qi-Wu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Yuan W, Xu W, Zhang Z, Wang X, Zhang Q, Bai J, Wang J. Rapid Cr(VI) reduction and immobilization in contaminated soil by mechanochemical treatment with calcium polysulfide. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:657-661. [PMID: 31015086 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical treatment with calcium polysulfide (CPS) was applied to remediate the Cr(VI) contaminated soil. The effects of parameters including milling speed, milling time, ball to powder ratio (BPR) and dosage of CPS were investigated. The effectiveness of mechanical treatment with or without CPS is estimated by analyzing the leachable fraction of Cr(VI). The results show that mechanochemical treatment with CPS can decrease and immobilize Cr in soil more quickly and efficiently with comparison to the case without additive. Under a milling speed of 500 rpm, milling time of 2 h, BPR of 9 and CPS dosage of 3%, the Cr(VI) leaching concentration significantly decreased from 115 mg L-1 to 0.51 mg L-1, much lower than the regulatory limit of 5 mg L-1. Additionally, XPS results demonstrated that Cr(VI) can be converted into Cr(III) during ball milling with CPS. The high Cr(VI) removal and Cr immobilization capacity makes mechanochemical treatment a great potential in field remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Yuan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Weitong Xu
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Qiwu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Jianfeng Bai
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
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Al-Rawajfeh AE, AlShamaileh EM, Alrbaihat MR. Clean and efficient synthesis using mechanochemistry: Preparation of kaolinite–KH2PO4 and kaolinite–(NH4)2HPO4 complexes as slow released fertilizer. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yuan W, Xu W, Wu Z, Zhang Z, Wang L, Bai J, Wang X, Zhang Q, Zhu X, Zhang C, Wang J. Mechanochemical treatment of Cr(VI) contaminated soil using a sodium sulfide coupled solidification/stabilization process. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:540-547. [PMID: 30165280 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this research, mechanochemical reduction was carried out to remediate Cr(VI) contaminated soil, and the reduction effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing the corresponding leachable fraction obtained through the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) proposed by the EPA. The results indicated that mechanochemical reduction can efficiently reduce the Cr(VI) concentration in the leachate. Under a milling time of 2 h, milling speed of 500 rpm, ball-to-powder weight ratio of 14 and Na2S dosage of 5%, the Cr(VI) leaching concentration significantly decreased from 663.98 mg L-1 to 0.84 mg L-1, much lower than the regulatory limit of 5 mg L-1. In addition, the significant decrease in Cr(VI) was mainly due to the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), as supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The mechanochemical reduction with mechanism proposed in this experiment may involve two major processes: solidification and reduction (stabilization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Yuan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China.
| | - Weitong Xu
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Zebing Wu
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Lincai Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Jianfeng Bai
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Qiwu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China; Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
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