Reaction kinetics and optimization of the copper-catalyzed oxidation of ApoA-1M

Expression and recovery of biologically active recombinant Apolipoprotein AI(Milano) from transgenic safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds

Apolipoprotein AI Milano (ApoAI(Milano) ) was expressed as a fusion protein in transgenic safflower seeds. High levels of expression corresponding to 7 g of ApoAI(Milano) per kilogram of seed have been identified in a line selected for commercialization. The ApoAI(Milano) fusion protein was extracted from seed using an oilbody-based process and matured in vitro prior to final purification. This yielded a Des-1,2-ApoAI(Milano) product which was confirmed by biochemical characterization including immunoreactivity against ApoAI antibodies, isoelectric point, N-terminal sequencing and electrospray mass spectrometry. Purified Des-1,2-ApoAI(Milano) readily associated with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine in clearance assays comparable to Human ApoAI. Its biological activity was assessed by cholesterol efflux assays using Des-1,2-ApoAI(Milano) :1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine complexes in vitro and in vivo. This study has established that high levels of biologically functional ApoAI(Milano) can be produced using a plant-based expression system.

Integrated solution to purification challenges in the manufacture of a soluble recombinant protein in E. coli

Apolipoprotein A 1 Milano (ApoA-1M), the protein component of a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) mimic with promising potential for reduction of atherosclerotic plaque, is produced at large scale by expression in E. coli. Significant difficulty with clearance of host cell proteins (HCPs) was experienced in the original manufacturing process despite a lengthy downstream purification train. Analysis of purified protein solutions and intermediate process samples led to identification of several major HCPs co-purifying with the product and a bacterial protease potentially causing a specific truncation of ApoA-1M found in the final product. Deletion of these genes from the original host strain succeeded in substantially reducing the levels of HCPs and the truncated species without adversely affecting the overall fermentation productivity, contributing to a much more efficient and robust new manufacturing process.