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Byun J, Son KJ. Experimental and Numerical Study of Computer Vision-Based Real-Time Monitoring of Polymeric Particle Mixing Process in Rotary Drum. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1524. [PMID: 38891470 PMCID: PMC11174632 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In the drum mixing of particulate polymers, segregation may occur. By measuring the mixing status in real time, it is possible to implement corrective measures to prevent separation and improve the efficiency of the process. This study aims to develop and validate a real-time vision system designed to monitor the mixing process of polymeric particles in a rotary drum mixer, employing a novel centroid-based model for determining the mixing index. The proposed centroid-based model is capable of addressing the radial particle segregation issue without the need for extra image-processing procedures like image subdivision or pixel randomization. This innovative approach greatly improves computational efficiency by processing over 68 image frames per second. The new processing method is 2.8 times faster than the gray-level co-occurrence matrix method and 21.6 times faster than the Lacey index approach. This significantly improves real-time monitoring capabilities and enables real-time image processing using only affordable single-board computers and webcams. The proposed vision-based system for monitoring rotary drum mixing has undergone validation via cross-validation using discrete element method simulations, ensuring its accuracy and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kwon Joong Son
- Department of Mechanical and Design Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Khosravi H, Thaker AH, Donovan J, Ranade V, Unnikrishnan S. Artificial intelligence and classic methods to segment and characterize spherical objects in micrographs of industrial emulsions. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123633. [PMID: 37995822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The stability of emulsions is a critical concern across multiple industries, including food products, agricultural formulations, petroleum, and pharmaceuticals. Achieving prolonged emulsion stability is challenging and depends on various factors, with particular emphasis on droplet size, shape, and spatial distribution. Addressing this issue necessitates an effective investigation of these parameters and finding solutions to enhance emulsion stability. Image analysis offers a powerful tool for researchers to explore these characteristics and advance our understanding of emulsion instability in different industries. In this review, we highlight the potential of state-of-the-art deep learning-based approaches in computer vision and image analysis to extract relevant features from emulsion micrographs. A comprehensive summary of classic and cutting-edge techniques employed for characterizing spherical objects, including droplets and bubbles observed in micrographs of industrial emulsions, has been provided. This review reveals significant deficiencies in the existing literature regarding the investigation of highly concentrated emulsions. Despite the practical importance of these systems, limited research has been conducted to understand their unique characteristics and stability challenges. It has also been identified that there is a scarcity of publications in multimodal analysis and a lack of a complete automated in-line emulsion characterization system. This review critically evaluates the existing challenges and presents prospective directions for future advancements in the field, aiming to address the current gaps and contribute to the scientific progression in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Khosravi
- Faculty of Engineering & Design, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), Ash Ln, Ballytivnan, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland; Center of Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Atlantic Technological University (ATU), Sligo, Ireland
| | - Abhijeet H Thaker
- Department Of Chemical Science, Faculty Of Science & Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - John Donovan
- Faculty of Engineering & Design, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), Ash Ln, Ballytivnan, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland; Center of Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Atlantic Technological University (ATU), Sligo, Ireland
| | - Vivek Ranade
- Department Of Chemical Science, Faculty Of Science & Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Saritha Unnikrishnan
- Faculty of Engineering & Design, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), Ash Ln, Ballytivnan, Sligo, F91 YW50, Ireland; Center of Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Atlantic Technological University (ATU), Sligo, Ireland.
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McLaren CP, Leistner BJ, Pinzello S, Cano-Pleite E, Müller CR. Onset and dynamics of avalanches in a rotating cylinder: From experimental data to a geometric model. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:054902. [PMID: 36559506 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.054902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Particle image velocimetry has been applied to measure particle velocities on the free surface of a bed of particles within a rotating cylinder during avalanching. The particle velocities were used to examine the validity of existing avalanche models and to propose an alternative model. The movement of particles depends on their location on the surface of the bed: Particles located near the center of the bed travel the farthest, while the distance traveled decreases at an increasing rate for particles located farther from the center. The start of an avalanche can be determined to a single initiation point that can be located on the bottom half of the bed; the avalanche quickly propagates through the entire free surface with 90% of the surface in motion within 257 ms (approximately 20% of the total duration of an avalanche). The experimental insight is used to formulate a geometric model, in which three equal-sized sections flow down the bed surface during an avalanch. The predictions of the model are validated by experimental mixing measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P McLaren
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard J Leistner
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Pinzello
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eduardo Cano-Pleite
- Thermal and Fluids Engineering Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Christoph R Müller
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhou Y, Li F, Sanders C, Samain S, Salman A. Online monitoring of dry powder mixing in a bin mixer. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Adams J, Jin Y, Barnes D, Butterfield J, Kearnes M. Motion control for uniaxial rotational molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Adams
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Yan Jin
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - David Barnes
- School of Mathematics and Physics Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Joseph Butterfield
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Mark Kearnes
- Polymer Processing Research Center Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
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Bowler AL, Bakalis S, Watson NJ. A review of in-line and on-line measurement techniques to monitor industrial mixing processes. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chibwe DK, Evans GM, Doroodchi E, Monaghan BJ, Pinson DJ, Chew SJ. Particle near-neighbour separation index for quantification of segregation of granular material. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang Z, Liu Y, Zhao X, Xiao Y, Lei X. Mixing and Heat Transfer of Granular Materials in an Externally Heated Rotary Kiln. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201800232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Central South UniversityCollege of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering 410083 Changsha China
| | - Yilun Liu
- Central South UniversityCollege of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering 410083 Changsha China
| | - Xianqiong Zhao
- Central South UniversityCollege of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering 410083 Changsha China
| | - Yougang Xiao
- Central South UniversityCollege of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 410083 Changsha China
| | - Xianming Lei
- Shaoyang UniversityCollege of Mechanical and Energy Engineering 422004 Shaoyang China
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Sebastian Escotet-Espinoza M, Foster CJ, Ierapetritou M. Discrete Element Modeling (DEM) for mixing of cohesive solids in rotating cylinders. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nafsun AI, Herz F, Liu X. Influence of material thermal properties and dispersity on thermal bed mixing in rotary drums. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Aït‐Aissa A, Zaddem M, Aïder M. Red–Green–Blue (
RGB
) colour system approach to study the segregation and percolation in a mixture of white wheat flour and bleached wheat bran. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amara Aït‐Aissa
- Department of Soil Sciences and Agri‐Food Engineering Université Laval Quebec Qc G1V 0A6 Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) Université Laval Quebec City Qc G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Meriem Zaddem
- Department of Soil Sciences and Agri‐Food Engineering Université Laval Quebec Qc G1V 0A6 Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) Université Laval Quebec City Qc G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Mohammed Aïder
- Department of Soil Sciences and Agri‐Food Engineering Université Laval Quebec Qc G1V 0A6 Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) Université Laval Quebec City Qc G1V 0A6 Canada
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Numerical simulation and analysis of mixing of polygonal particles in 2D rotating drums by SIPHPM method. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nafsun A, Herz F, Specht E, Komossa H, Wirtz S, Scherer V, Liu X. Thermal bed mixing in rotary drums for different operational parameters. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Marmur BL, Heindel TJ. Effect of particle size, density, and concentration on granular mixing in a double screw pyrolyzer. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Characterizing 3D granular flow structures in a double screw mixer using X-ray particle tracking velocimetry. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Effect of material properties and design parameters on the final blend uniformity using experimental and simulation results. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kingston TA, Heindel TJ. Granular mixing optimization and the influence of operating conditions in a double screw mixer. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Aissa AA, Duchesne C, Rodrigue D. Transverse mixing of polymer powders in a rotary cylinder part I: Active layer characterization. POWDER TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2011.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Aissa AA, Duchesne C, Rodrigue D. Characterization of polymer powder motion in a spherical mold in biaxial rotation. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.22162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Aissa AA, Duchesne C, Rodrigue D. Effect of friction coefficient and density on mixing particles in the rolling regime. POWDER TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wong TW. Alginate graft copolymers and alginate-co-excipient physical mixture in oral drug delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:1497-512. [PMID: 22060280 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Use of alginate graft copolymers in oral drug delivery reduces dosage form manufacture complexity with reference to mixing or coating processes. It is deemed to give constant or approximately steady weight ratio of alginate to covalently attached co-excipient in copolymers, thereby leading to controllable matrix processing and drug release. This review describes various grafting approaches and their outcome on oral drug release behaviour of alginate graft copolymeric matrices. It examines drug release modulation mechanism of alginate graft copolymers against that of co-excipients in non-grafted formulations. KEY FINDINGS Drug release from alginate matrices can be modulated through using either co-excipients or graft copolymers via changing their swelling, erosion, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, porosity and/or drug adsorption capacity. However, it is not known if the drug delivery performance of formulations prepared using alginate graft copolymers is superior to those incorporating graft-equivalent co-excipient physically in a dosage form without grafting but at the corresponding graft weight, owing to limited studies being available. CONCLUSIONS The value of alginate graft copolymers as the potential alternative to alginate-co-excipient physical mixture in oral drug delivery cannot be entirely defined by past and present research. Such an issue is complicated by the lack of green chemistry graft copolymer synthesis approach, high grafting process cost, complications and hazards, and the formed graft copolymers having unknown toxicity. Future research will need to address these matters to achieve a widespread commercialization and industrial application of alginate graft copolymers in oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Wui Wong
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre and Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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