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Felletti S, De Luca C, Mazzoccanti G, Gasparrini F, Manetto S, Franchina FA, Chenet T, Pasti L, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Understanding the Transition from High-Selective to High-Efficient Chiral Separations by Changing the Organic Modifier with Zwitterionic-Teicoplanin Chiral Stationary Phase. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37294639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The retention behavior of small molecules and N-protected amino acids on a zwitterionic teicoplanin chiral stationary phase (CSP), prepared on superficially porous particles (SPPs) of 2.0 μm particle diameter, has shown that efficiency and enantioselectivity, and so enantioresolution, dramatically change depending on the employed organic modifier. In particular, it was found that while methanol permits the boost of enantioselectivity and resolution of the amino acids, at the cost of efficiency, acetonitrile allows for the ability to reach extraordinary efficiency even at high flow rates (with reduced plate height <2 and up to 300,000 plates/m at the optimum flow rate). To understand these features, an approach based on the investigation of mass transfer through the CSP, the estimation of the binding constants of amino acids on the CSP, and the assessment of compositional properties of the interfacial region between bulk mobile phase and solid surface has been adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Manetto
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Antonio Franchina
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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2
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Ishii T, Nojiri N, Mano Y. A simple UPLC-MS/MS assay with a core-shell column for the determination of exemestane in human plasma for clinical application. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2022; 28:94-103. [PMID: 36128912 DOI: 10.1177/14690667221126276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exemestane is one of the aromatase inhibitors and has been used to treat breast cancer by lowering estrogen levels. Accurate quantification of exemestane is important to set an optimal dose, and thus a simple assay for exemestane is developed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometer. Exemestane was extracted from human plasma samples (100 μL) by simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile/methanol (1/1, v/v). Interference peaks observed close to the elution of exemestane led us to use a core shell column for higher selectivity instead of totally porous columns. The extracts were chromatographed on CORTECS UPLC C18, under a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min and detected in the selected reaction monitoring. Validation parameters were assessed in accordance with the bioanalytical guidelines using quality control samples. Exemestane in human plasma was quantifiable from 0.5 to 50 ng/mL with high extraction recovery and minimal matrix effects. Hemolyzed or hyperlipemic plasma did not impact the exemestane assay. Exemestane was stable in human plasma for 392 days at -15°C or below. The developed assay was robust and successfully applied to quantifying exemestane concentrations in human plasma to support a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuho Ishii
- DMPK & Bioanalysis Unit, Tsukuba R&D Supporting Division, 204948Sunplanet Co., Ltd, Tsukuba-shi, Japan
| | - Nana Nojiri
- DMPK & Bioanalysis Unit, Tsukuba R&D Supporting Division, 204948Sunplanet Co., Ltd, Tsukuba-shi, Japan
| | - Yuji Mano
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 8030Eisai Co., Ltd, Tsukuba-shi, Japan
- Laboratory of Genomics-based Drug Discovery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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3
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Luo C, DeStefano JJ, Langlois TJ, Boyes BE, Schuster SA, Godinho JM. Fundamental to achieving fast separations with high efficiency: A review of chromatography with superficially porous particles. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5087. [PMID: 33566360 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Types of particles have been fundamental to LC separation technology for many years. Originally, LC columns were packed with large-diameter (>100 μm) calcium carbonate, silica gel, or alumina particles that prohibited fast mobile-phase speeds because of the slow diffusion of sample molecules inside deep pores. During the birth of HPLC in the 1960s, superficially porous particles (SPP, ≥30 μm) were developed as the first high-speed stationary-phase support structures commercialized, which permitted faster mobile-phase flowrates due to the fast movement of sample molecules in/out of the thin shells. These initial SPPs were displaced by smaller totally porous particles (TPP) in the mid-1970s. But SPP history repeated when UHPLC emerged in the 2000s. Stationary-phase support structures made from sub-3-μm SPPs were introduced to chromatographers in 2006. The initial purpose of this modern SPP was to enable chromatographers to achieve fast separations with high efficiency using conventional HPLCs. Later, the introduction of sub-2-μm SPPs with UHPLC instruments pushed the separation speed and efficiency to a very fast zone. This review aims at providing readers a comprehensive and up-to-date view on the advantages of SPP materials over TPPs historically and theoretically from the material science angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuping Luo
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | | | | | - Barry E Boyes
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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4
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Ahmad AG, Perveen S, Qamar S. Numerical approximation of a two-dimensional non-equilibrium model of non-isothermal liquid chromatography considering core-shell particles. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1812641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Garba Ahmad
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Mathematics Programme, National Mathematical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Sadia Perveen
- Department of Mathematics, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shamsul Qamar
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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5
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Bupp CR, Wirth MJ. Making Sharper Peaks for Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatography of Proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:363-380. [PMID: 32109149 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein separations have gained increasing interest over the past two decades owing to the dramatic growth of proteins as therapeutics and the completion of the Human Genome Project. About every decade, the field of protein high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) seems to mature, having reached what appears to be a theoretical limit. But then scientists well versed in the basic principles of HPLC invented a way around the limit, generating another decade of exciting progress. There is still the need for higher resolution and better compatibility with mass spectrometry because it is an essential tool for identification of proteins and their modifications. To make advances, the fundamental principles need to be understood. This review covers recent advances and current needs in the context of the principles that underlie the many contributions to peak broadening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Bupp
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Mary J Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
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6
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Felletti S, De Luca C, Lievore G, Pasti L, Chenet T, Mazzoccanti G, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Investigation of mass transfer properties and kinetic performance of high‐efficiency columns packed with C
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sub‐2 μm fully and superficially porous particles. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1737-1745. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Felletti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Giulio Lievore
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology“Sapienza” University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology“Sapienza” University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
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7
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Advances and Challenges in Extremely High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography in Current and Future Analytical Scale Column Formats. Anal Chem 2019; 92:554-560. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Numerical and analytical investigation of the possibilities to enhance the thermal conductivity of core-shell particle packed beds. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1575:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Using Superficially Porous Particles and Ultrahigh Pressure Liquid Chromatography in Pharmacopeial Monograph Modernization of Common Analgesics. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Considerations for the use of ultra-high pressures in liquid chromatography for 2.1 mm inner diameter columns. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:183-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Reising AE, Schlabach S, Baranau V, Stoeckel D, Tallarek U. Analysis of packing microstructure and wall effects in a narrow-bore ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography column using focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:172-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Åsberg D, Chutkowski M, Leśko M, Samuelsson J, Kaczmarski K, Fornstedt T. A practical approach for predicting retention time shifts due to pressure and temperature gradients in ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1479:107-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Catani M, Ismail OH, Gasparrini F, Antonelli M, Pasti L, Marchetti N, Felletti S, Cavazzini A. Recent advancements and future directions of superficially porous chiral stationary phases for ultrafast high-performance enantioseparations. Analyst 2017; 142:555-566. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02530g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of superficially porous particles (SPPs) as chiral stationary phases for ultra-high performance liquid enantioseparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Catani
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Omar H. Ismail
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology
- “Sapienza” Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology
- “Sapienza” Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
| | - Michela Antonelli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology
- “Sapienza” Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Nicola Marchetti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
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14
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Patel DC, Wahab MF, Armstrong DW, Breitbach ZS. Advances in high-throughput and high-efficiency chiral liquid chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:2-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Ismail OH, Pasti L, Ciogli A, Villani C, Kocergin J, Anderson S, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Pirkle-type chiral stationary phase on core–shell and fully porous particles: Are superficially porous particles always the better choice toward ultrafast high-performance enantioseparations? J Chromatogr A 2016; 1466:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Grinias JP, Wong JMT, Kennedy RT. Repeatability of gradient ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods in instrument-controlled thermal environments. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1461:42-50. [PMID: 27457561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of viscous friction on eluent temperature and column efficiency in liquid chromatography is of renewed interest as the need for pressures exceeding 1000bar to use with columns packed with sub-2μm particles has grown. One way the development of axial and radial temperature gradients that arise due to viscous friction can be affected is by the thermal environment the column is placed in. In this study, a new column oven integrated into an ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatograph that enables both still-air and forced-air operating modes is investigated to find the magnitude of the effect of the axial thermal gradient that forms in 2.1×100mm columns packed with sub-2μm particles in these modes. Temperature increases of nearly 30K were observed when the generated power of the column exceeded 25W/m. The impact of the heating due to viscous friction on the repeatability of peak capacity, elution time, and peak area ratio to an internal standard for a gradient UHPLC-MS/MS method to analyze neurotransmitters was found to be limited. This result indicates that high speed UHPLC-MS/MS gradient methods under conditions of high viscous friction may be possible without the negative effects typically observed with isocratic separations under similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jenny-Marie T Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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17
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Qamar S, Seidel-Morgenstern A. Extending the potential of moment analysis in chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Qamar S, Sattar FA, Abbasi JN, Seidel-Morgenstern A. Numerical simulation of nonlinear chromatography with core–shell particles applying the general rate model. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Gritti F, Gilar M, Jarrell JA. Achieving quasi-adiabatic thermal environment to maximize resolution power in very high-pressure liquid chromatography: Theory, models, and experiments. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1444:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Linear general rate model of chromatography for core–shell particles: Analytical solutions and moment analysis. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Tanaka N, McCalley DV. Core–Shell, Ultrasmall Particles, Monoliths, and Other Support Materials in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2015; 88:279-98. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David V. McCalley
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K
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22
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Computational investigation of longitudinal diffusion, eddy dispersion, and trans-particle mass transfer in bulk, random packings of core–shell particles with varied shell thickness and shell diffusion coefficient. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1407:139-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Estimation of pressure-, temperature- and frictional heating-related effects on proteins’ retention under ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatographic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1393:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. The quantitative impact of the mesopore size on the mass transfer mechanism of the new 1.9 μm fully porous Titan-C18 particles. I: Analysis of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1384:76-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Grinias JP, Keil DS, Jorgenson JW. Observation of enhanced heat dissipation in columns packed with superficially porous particles. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1371:261-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. The future of UHPLC: Towards higher pressure and/or smaller particles? Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Heaton JC, McCalley DV. Comparison of the kinetic performance and retentivity of sub-2μm core–shell, hybrid and conventional bare silica phases in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1371:106-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Gritti F, Shiner S, Fairchild JN, Guiochon G. Characterization and kinetic performance of 2.1 × 100 mm production columns packed with new 1.6 μm superficially porous particles. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3418-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
| | | | | | - Georges Guiochon
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA
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29
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Lambert N, Kiss I, Felinger A. Mass-transfer properties of insulin on core–shell and fully porous stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1366:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Estimation of the effects of longitudinal temperature gradients caused by frictional heating on the solute retention using fully porous and superficially porous sub-2μm materials. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Gritti F, Bell DS, Guiochon G. Particle size distribution and column efficiency. An ongoing debate revived with 1.9μm Titan-C18 particles. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:179-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. The rationale for the optimum efficiency of columns packed with new 1.9μm fully porous Titan-C18 particles-a detailed investigation of the intra-particle diffusivity. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:164-78. [PMID: 24969087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In a previous report, it was reported that columns packed with fully porous 1.9μm Titan-C18 particles provided a minimum reduced plate height as small as 1.7 for the most retained compound (n-octanophenone) under RPLC conditions. These particles are characterized by a relatively narrow size distribution with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of only 10%. A column packed with classical 5μm Symmetry-C18 particles, used as a reference RPLC column, generated a minimum reduced plate height of 2.1 for the same retained compound. This work demonstrates that this was due to an unusually low intra-particle diffusivity across these particles, which leads to a small longitudinal diffusion coefficient along the column. The demonstration is based on the combination of accurate measurements of the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP), inverse size exclusion chromatography (ISEC), peak parking (PP), and minor disturbance method (MDM) experiments. The experimental results show that the reduced eddy dispersion HETP term (A=0.8 for a reduced velocity of 5), the internal particle porosity (ϵp=0.35), and the enrichment of acetonitrile in the pore volume (75% acetonitrile in the bulk, 85% inside the mesoporous volume) are identical on both the Titan-C18 and Symmetry-C18 columns. The difference between the internal structures of these two brands of RPLC-C18 fully porous particles lies in the values of the internal obstruction factor γp, which is 0.42 for the Symmetry-C18 but only 0.26 for the Titan-C18 particles. This is in part related to the diffusion hindrance due to the small average pore size of the Titan-C18 particles, around 59Å versus 77Å for Symmetry-C18 particles. A simple model of constriction along diffusion paths having the shape of a truncated cone suggests that the width of the pore size distribution (RSD of 30% and 20% for Titan-C18 and Symmetry-C18 particles) is mostly responsible for the difference in their obstruction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA
| | - Georges Guiochon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA.
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33
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Extending the limits of operating pressure of narrow-bore column liquid chromatography instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1347:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Stankovich JJ, Gritti F, Stevenson PG, Vajda P, Beaver LA, Guiochon G. Volume based vs. time based chromatograms: reproducibility of data for gradient separations under high and low pressure conditions. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1343:79-90. [PMID: 24717849 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A critical aspect in fast gradient separations carried out under constant pressure, in the very high pressure liquid chromatography (VHPLC) mode is that time-based chromatograms may not yield highly reproducible separations. A proposed solution to improve the reproducibility of these separations involves plotting the chromatograms as functions of the volume eluted vs. UV absorbance instead of time vs. UV. To study the consequences of using the volume-based rather than the time-based chromatograms, separations were first performed under low pressures that do not generate significant amounts of heat and for which the variations of the eluent density along the columns are negligible. Secondly, they were performed under very high pressures that do generate heat and measurable variations of the local retention factor and eluent density along the column. Comparison of the results provides estimates of the improvements obtained when volume based chromatograms are used in gradient analyses. Using a column packed with fully porous particles, four different types of methods and several sets for each method were used to perform the gradient elution runs: two sets of constant flow rate operations, four sets of constant pressure operations, two sets of constant pressure operations with programmed flow rate, and one set using the constant heat loss approach. The differences between time-based and volume-based chromatograms are demonstrated by using eight replicates of early, middle, and last eluting peaks. The results show that volume-based chromatograms improve the retention time reproducibility of the four constant pressure methods by a factor of 3.7 on average. If the column is not thermally conditioned prior to performing a long series of separations, flow controlled methods (constant flow rate, programmed constant pressure, and constant wall heat approaches) are more precise. If one gradient run is used to bring the column to a relatively stable temperature, constant pressure separations have a factor of 3 times better reproducibility of retention times with respect to constant flow rate gradient separations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrice Gritti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Péter Vajda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Lois Ann Beaver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Georges Guiochon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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35
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Rapid development of core–shell column technology: Accurate measurements of the intrinsic column efficiency of narrow-bore columns packed with 4.6 down to 1.3μm superficially porous particles. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1333:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Evaluation of the kinetic performance of new prototype 2.1mm×100mm narrow-bore columns packed with 1.6μm superficially porous particles. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1334:30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Very high pressure liquid chromatography using fully porous particles: Quantitative analysis of fast gradient separations without post-run times. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1324:155-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Stankovicha JJ, Gritti F, Beaver LA, Stevensona PG, Guiochon G. Fast gradient separation by very high pressure liquid chromatography: reproducibility of analytical data and influence of delay between successive runs. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1318:122-33. [PMID: 24209296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Five methods were used to implement fast gradient separations: constant flow rate, constant column-wall temperature, constant inlet pressure at moderate and high pressures (controlled by a pressure controller),and programmed flow constant pressure. For programmed flow constant pressure, the flow rates and gradient compositions are controlled using input into the method instead of the pressure controller. Minor fluctuations in the inlet pressure do not affect the mobile phase flow rate in programmed flow. There producibilities of the retention times, the response factors, and the eluted band width of six successive separations of the same sample (9 components) were measured with different equilibration times between 0 and 15 min. The influence of the length of the equilibration time on these reproducibilities is discussed. The results show that the average column temperature may increase from one separation to the next and that this contributes to fluctuation of the results.
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39
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Effect of parallel segmented flow chromatography on the height equivalent to a theoretical plate II – Performances of 4.6mm×30mm columns packed with 2.6μm Accucore-C18 superficially porous particles. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1314:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Sanchez AC, Friedlander G, Fekete S, Anspach J, Guillarme D, Chitty M, Farkas T. Pushing the performance limits of reversed-phase ultra high performance liquid chromatography with 1.3μm core–shell particles. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1311:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Effect of parallel segmented flow chromatography on the height equivalent to a theoretical plate. I—Performance of 4.6 mm × 30 mm columns packed with 3.0 μm Hypurity-C18 fully porous particles. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1297:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Comparison between the intra-particle diffusivity in the hydrophilic interaction chromatography and reversed phase liquid chromatography modes. Impact on the column efficiency. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1297:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Gradient chromatography under constant frictional heat: Realization and application. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1289:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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Speed-resolution properties of columns packed with new 4.6 μm Kinetex-C18 core–shell particles. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1280:35-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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How changing the particle structure can speed up protein mass transfer kinetics in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:84-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Optimization of the peak capacity per unit time. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:125-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Repeatability of the efficiency of columns packed with sub-3μm core–shell particles: Part I. 2.6μm Kinetex-C18 particles in 4.6mm and 2.1mm×100mm column formats. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:31-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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48
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Comparison of the fast gradient performance of new prototype silica monolithic columns and columns packed with fully porous and core–shell particles. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1236:28-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Kinetic performance of narrow-bore columns on a micro-system for high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1236:105-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Paek C, Huang Y, Filgueira M, McCormick AV, Carr PW. Development of a carbon clad core-shell silica for high speed two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1229:129-39. [PMID: 22321953 PMCID: PMC3288264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently introduced a new method to deposit carbon on fully porous silicas (5 μm) to address some of the shortcomings of carbon clad zirconia (C/ZrO(2)), which has rather low retention due to its low surface area (20-30 m(2)/g). The method enables the introduction of a thin, homogeneous layer of Al(III) on silica to serve as catalytic sites for carbon deposition without damaging the silica's native pore structure. Subsequent carbon deposition by chemical vapor deposition resulted in chromatographically useful carbon phases as shown by good efficiencies and higher retentivity relative to C/ZrO(2). Herein, we use the above method to develop a novel carbon phase on superficially porous silica (2.7 μm). This small, new form of silica offers better mass transfer properties and higher efficiency with lower column back pressures as compared to sub 2 μm silica packings, which should make it attractive for use as the second dimension in fast two-dimensional LC (LC × LC). After carbon deposition, several studies were conducted to compare the new packing with C/ZrO(2). Consistent with work on 5 μm fully porous silica, the metal cladding did not cause pore blockage. Subsequent carbon deposition maintained the good mass transfer properties as shown by the effect of velocity on HETP. The new packing exhibits efficiencies up to ∼5.6-fold higher than C/ZrO(2) for polar compounds. We observed similar chromatographic selectivity for all carbon phases tested. Consequently, the use of the new packing as the second dimension in fast LC×LC improved the peak capacity of fast LC × LC. The new material gave loading capacities similar to C/ZrO(2), which is rather as expected based on the surface areas of the two phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyub Paek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marcelo Filgueira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alon V. McCormick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave S.E., Minneapolis, MN55455, USA
| | - Peter W. Carr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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