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Sundar KP, Sellapa K, Venkatesan MN. The study on the effect of hydrodynamic flow on the photocatalytic performance of photocatalytic reactors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:72514-72522. [PMID: 37170053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The scalability of photocatalytic reactor is the major challenge due to the inability of the light penetration when the laboratory scale reactors are ascended. It is well known that the characteristic length of photocatalytic reactor is one of the influential parameters determining the efficiency of light penetration and also affects the hydrodynamic fluid flow behaviour inside the reactor. This study visualizes hydrodynamic flow behaviour of three differently configured photocatalytic reactors through numerical simulation of the fluid mass transport inside the reactors. The three photocatalytic reactors are (1) concentric cylindrical glass tube micro-reactor (CGTR), (2) UV-LED strip photocatalytic reactor (STR) and (3) classical annular reactor (CAR) from our previous work. The simulations of flow behaviour confirmed that CGTR exhibited plug flow regime, STR exhibited arbitrary flow (in-between continuously stirred tank reactor and plug flow reactor) and CAR behaved like continuously stirred tank reactor. Also, interpretations of numerical modelling were validated through plotting experimental residence time distribution curve. Furthermore, the comparison of performance parameters revealed that the highest modified space time yield (STYmodified) 225 s-1and highest modified photocatalytic space time yield (PSTYmodified) 9.375 s-1/kW/m3 was obtained for plug flow reactor when compared to continuously stirred tank reactor (CAR) and arbitrary flow reactor (STR). The study confirms that decrease in characteristic length of photocatalytic reactor onsets plug flow regime, which has highest photocatalytic performance efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanmani Sellapa
- Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai, India
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Han J, Soloshonok VA, Klika KD, Drabowicz J, Wzorek A. Chiral sulfoxides: advances in asymmetric synthesis and problems with the accurate determination of the stereochemical outcome. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 47:1307-1350. [PMID: 29271432 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00703a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chiral sulfoxides are in extremely high demand in nearly every sector of the chemical industry concerned with the design and development of new synthetic reagents, drugs, and functional materials. The primary objective of this review is to update readers on the latest developments from the past five years (2011-2016) in the preparation of optically active sulfoxides. Methodologies covered include catalytic asymmetric sulfoxidation using either chemical, enzymatic, or hybrid biocatalytic means; kinetic resolution involving oxidation to sulfones, reduction to sulfides, modification of side chains, and imidation to sulfoximines; as well as various other methods including nucleophilic displacement at the sulfur atom for the desymmetrization of achiral sulfoxides, enantioselective recognition and separation based on either metal-organic frameworks (MOF's) or host-guest chemistry, and the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. A second goal of this work concerns a critical discussion of the problem of the accurate determination of the stereochemical outcome of a reaction due to the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) phenomenon, particularly as it relates to chiral sulfoxides. The SDE is a little-appreciated phenomenon that can readily and spontaneously occur for scalemic samples when subjected to practically any physicochemical process. It has now been unequivocally demonstrated that ignorance in the SDE phenomenon inevitably leads to erroneous interpretation of the stereochemical outcome of catalytic enantioselective reactions, in particular, for the synthesis of chiral sulfoxides. It is hoped that this two-pronged approach to covering the chemistry of chiral sulfoxides will be appealing, engaging, and motivating for current research-active authors to respond to in their future publications in this exciting area of current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China.
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain. and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo 36-5, Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69009 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Józef Drabowicz
- Department of Heterooganic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland and Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Alicja Wzorek
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain. and Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Swiętokrzyska 15G, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
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Stockinger S, Troendlin J, Rominger F, Trapp O. On-Column Reaction Set-Up for High-Throughput Screenings and Mechanistic Investigations. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Stockinger S, Trapp O. Comparison of a Molecular and an Immobilized Gadolinium(III)-tris[(1R,4S)-3-heptafluorobutanoyl-camphor] as Catalyst in the Asymmetric Danishefsky-Hetero-Diels-Alder-Reaction. Chirality 2014; 26:243-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Skrollan Stockinger
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Heidelberg Germany
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Stockinger S, Spallek MJ, Trapp O. Investigation of novel immobilized 3-(perfluoroalkanoyl)-(1R)-camphorate nickel complexes in enantioselective complexation gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:346-51. [PMID: 22909893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel 3-(perfluoroalkanoyl)-(1R)-camphorate nickel complexes immobilized to poly(dimethylsiloxane) phases are presented. Immobilized 3-(perfluoroalkanoyl)-(1R)-camphorate nickel complexes with a trifluoromethyl (CF(3); nickel(II)-bis[(1R,4S)-3-trifluoromethanoyl-10-propylenoxycamphor]-polysiloxane Ni(tfpc)(2)@PS) and a heptafluoropropyl-substituent (C(3)F(7); nickel(II)-bis[(1R,4S)-3-heptafluorobutanoyl-10-propylenoxycamphor]-polysiloxane Ni(hfpc)(2)@PS) were synthesized, characterized and immobilized to polysiloxane. Ni(hfpc)(2)@PS was immobilized with a selector content of 38% and their enantioseparation ability was compared to selector concentrations of 4% and 20%. The influence of the perfluorinated moiety as well as the effect of the selector concentration on enantioseparations were investigated. Based on different functionalized organic compounds the quality of enantioseparation was analyzed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skrollan Stockinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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