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Sirasitthichoke C, Patel S, Reuter KG, Hermans A, Bredael G, Armenante PM. Effect of basket mesh size on the hydrodynamics of a partially filled (500 mL) USP rotating basket dissolution testing Apparatus 1. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124209. [PMID: 38718973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The USP Rotating Basket Dissolution Testing Apparatus 1 is listed in the USP as one of the tools to assess dissolution of oral solid dosage forms. Baskets of different mesh sizes can be used to differentiate between dissolution profiles of different formulations. Here, we used Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to study the hydrodynamics of the USP Apparatus 1 using baskets with different mesh openings (10-, 20- and 40-mesh) revolving at 100 rpm, when the vessel was filled with 500 mL. The velocity profiles throughout the liquid were found to vary significantly using baskets of different mesh sizes, typically increasing with increased size of the opening of the basket mesh, especially for axial and radial velocities. This, in turn, resulted in a significantly different flow rate through the basket, which can be expected to significantly impact the dissolution rate of the drug product. A comparison between the results of this work with those of a previous study with a 900-mL fill volume (Sirasitthichoke et al., Intern. J. Pharmaceutics, 2021, 607: 120976), shows that although the hydrodynamics in the USP Apparatus 1 changed with fill level in the vessel, the flow rate through the basket was not significantly affected. This implies that tablets dissolving in the two systems would experience similar tablet-liquid medium mass transfer coefficients, and therefore similar initial dissolution rates, but different dissolution profiles because of the difference in volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadakarn Sirasitthichoke
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | - Sanjaykumar Patel
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA
| | - Kevin G Reuter
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA; Analytical Science Group, Haleon, Richmond, VA 23220-1212, USA
| | - Andre Hermans
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA
| | - Gerard Bredael
- Formulation Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA
| | - Piero M Armenante
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA.
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2
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Sirasitthichoke C, Perivilli S, Liddell MR, Armenante PM. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements of USP Apparatus 1 hydrodynamics with 500 mL fill volume. Int J Pharm 2023; 647:123492. [PMID: 37806506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Changes to hydrodynamics arising from changes within dissolution testing systems, such as the fill volume level, can potentially cause variability in dissolution results. However, the literature on hydrodynamics in Apparatus 1 is quite limited and little information is available for vessels with different liquid volumes. Here, velocities in a USP Apparatus 1 vessel with a liquid fill volume of 500 mL, a common alternative to 900 mL, were experimentally measured using 2D-2C Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) for different basket rotational speeds. Tangential velocities dominated the flow field, while axial and radial velocities were much lower and varied with location. The velocities distribution increased proportionately with the basket rotational speed almost everywhere in the vessel excepting for underneath the basket. A nearly horizontal radial liquid jet was found to originate close to the basket upper edge. Comparison of these results with those previously reported with 900-mL liquid volume (Sirasitthichoke et al., Intern. J. Pharmaceutics:X; 3 (2021) 100078) showed that the flow rate through the baskets was similar in both systems, implying that, at least initially, the amount of drug in solution would increase linearly with time. In other words, the flow rate through the baskets would be independent of the liquid volume. Velocity profiles were also found to be similar, except in the region above the basket, which was affected by the radial jet with an orientation significantly different between the 500-mL and the 900-mL systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadakarn Sirasitthichoke
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | - Satish Perivilli
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP), Dosage Form Performance Laboratory (DFPL), Rockville, MD 20852-1790, USA
| | - Mark R Liddell
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP), Dosage Form Performance Laboratory (DFPL), Rockville, MD 20852-1790, USA
| | - Piero M Armenante
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA.
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3
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Montante G, Maluta F, Alberini F, Iwasawa S, Takenaka K, Paglianti A. Large blade impeller application for turbulent liquid–liquid and solid–liquid mixing. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Montante
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Francesco Maluta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Federico Alberini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Suzuka Iwasawa
- Sumitomo Heavy Industries Process Equipment Co. Saijo Japan
| | | | - Alessandro Paglianti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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4
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Wu Y, Wang J, You P, Luo P. Gas phase hydrodynamics in a surface‐aerated tank with a long‐short blades agitator. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Wu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Jian Wang
- Beijing System Engineering Institute Beijing China
| | - Pan You
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Peicheng Luo
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
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5
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Experimental determination of the velocity distribution in USP Apparatus 1 (basket apparatus) using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100078. [PMID: 34027384 PMCID: PMC8131919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The USP Apparatus 1 (basket apparatus) is commonly used to evaluate the dissolution performance of oral solid dosage forms. The hydrodynamics generated by the basket contributes, in general, to the dissolution rate and hence the dissolution results. Here, the hydrodynamics of Apparatus 1 was quantified in a vessel filled with 900-mL de-ionized water at room temperature by determining, via Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), the velocity profiles on a vertical central plane and on 11 horizontal planes at different elevations at three different basket agitation speeds. The flow field was dominated by the tangential velocity component and was approximately symmetrical in all cases. Despite all precautions taken, small flow asymmetries were observed in the axial and radial directions. This appears to be an unavoidable characteristic of the flow in Apparatus 1. The magnitudes of the axial and radial velocity components varied with location but were always low. A small jet was seen emanating radially near the top edge of the basket. Velocities typically scaled well with increasing agitation speed in most regions of the vessel except for a region directly below the basket. The results of this work provide a major insight into the flow field inside the USP Apparatus 1.
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6
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Massmann T, Kocks C, Parakenings L, Weber B, Jupke A. Two-Dimensional CFD based compartment modeling for dynamic simulation of semi-batch crystallization processes in stirred tank reactors. Comput Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.106933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Wang B, Bredael G, Armenante PM. Computational hydrodynamic comparison of a mini vessel and a USP 2 dissolution testing system to predict the dynamic operating conditions for similarity of dissolution performance. Int J Pharm 2018; 539:112-130. [PMID: 29341921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The hydrodynamic characteristics of a mini vessel and a USP 2 dissolution testing system were obtained and compared to predict the tablet-liquid mass transfer coefficient from velocity distributions near the tablet and establish the dynamic operating conditions under which dissolution in mini vessels could be conducted to generate concentration profiles similar to those in the USP 2. Velocity profiles were obtained experimentally using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to predict the velocity distribution and strain rate around a model tablet. A CFD-based mass transfer model was also developed. When plotted against strain rate, the predicted tablet-liquid mass transfer coefficient was found to be independent of the system where it was obtained, implying that a tablet would dissolve at the same rate in both systems provided that the concentration gradient between the tablet surface and the bulk is the same, the tablet surface area per unit liquid volume is identical, and the two systems are operated at the appropriate agitation speeds specified in this work. The results of this work will help dissolution scientists operate mini vessels so as to predict the dissolution profiles in the USP 2, especially during the early stages of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; New Jersey Institute of Technology, Otto H. York Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | | | - Piero M Armenante
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Otto H. York Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA.
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8
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Komrakova A, Liu Z, Machado M, Kresta S. Development of a zone flow model for the confined impeller stirred tank (CIST) based on mean velocity and turbulence measurements. Chem Eng Res Des 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Sirasitthichoke C, Armenante PM. Power Dissipation and Power Number Correlations for a Retreat-Blade Impeller under Different Baffling Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chadakarn Sirasitthichoke
- Otto H. York Department of
Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 M. L. King Boulevard, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1982, United States
| | - Piero M. Armenante
- Otto H. York Department of
Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 M. L. King Boulevard, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1982, United States
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10
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Zhang Y, Pan X, Wang Y, Luo P, Wu H. Numerical and experimental investigation on surface air entrainment mechanisms of a novel long-short blades agitator. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Xiang Pan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Yaohua Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Peicheng Luo
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Hua Wu
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich 8093 Switzerland
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Yang
- Shandong University; School of Mechanical Engineering; 17923 Jingshi Road 250061 Jinan China
- Shandong University; Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture; 17923 Jingshi Road 250061 Jinan China
| | - Shenjie Zhou
- Shandong University; School of Mechanical Engineering; 17923 Jingshi Road 250061 Jinan China
- Shandong University; Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture; 17923 Jingshi Road 250061 Jinan China
| | - Cuixun Zhang
- Shandong Tianli Energy Co., Ltd.; 28789 East Jingshi Road Jinan China
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12
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Wang B, Armenante PM. Experimental and computational determination of the hydrodynamics of mini vessel dissolution testing systems. Int J Pharm 2016; 510:336-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Luo P, Wu J, Pan X, Zhang Y, Wu H. Gas-liquid mass transfer behavior in a surface-aerated vessel stirred by a novel long-short blades agitator. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Luo
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Jun Wu
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Xiang Pan
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Yueqiao Zhang
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Hua Wu
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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14
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Ben-Nun R, Sheintuch M, Kysela B, Konfršt J, Fořt I. Semianalytical characterization of turbulence from radial impellers, with experimental and numerical validation. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Ben-Nun
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel 3200003
| | - Moshe Sheintuch
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel 3200003
| | - Bohuš Kysela
- Institute of Hydrodynamics AS CR, v. v. i.; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Konfršt
- Institute of Hydrodynamics AS CR, v. v. i.; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fořt
- Dept. of Process Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Czech Technical University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
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15
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Montante G, Paglianti A. Fluid dynamics characterization of a stirred model bio-methanation digester. Chem Eng Res Des 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Xiao FZ, Luo ZH. A Two-Phase CFD Modeling Approach to Investigate the Flow Characteristics in Radial Flow Moving-Bed Reactors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2014-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Based on a complete CFD Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid approach, a comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) two-phase reactor model was suggested to describe the flow behavior in radial flow moving-bed reactors (RFMBRs). A porous media model was incorporated into the reactor model in order to describe the flow resistance provided by the porous walls of the center and annular pipes. Compared with these previous reactor models, the reactor model considers the solid-phase movement instead of immobilization, which benefits for predicting the formation of cavity practically. The simulation results are agreement with the published experimental data. By employing the verified model, the flow field parameters in the reactors such as pressure drop and flow velocity were obtained. Besides, the simulations were then carried out to investigate the effect of the bed voidage on the flow behavior and to understand the phenomenon of cavity in the RFMBRs. The simulation results showed that both the centripetal and the centrifugal flow configurations have the inhomogeneous flow distribution and the phenomenon of cavity. Furthermore, the inhomogeneous distribution increases with the increase of the bed voidage, whereas the phenomenon of cavity is more obvious with the increase of gas inlet velocity. As a whole, this work provided a realistic modeling and a useful approach for the understanding of RFMBRs.
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17
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Fluid-dynamics characteristics of a vortex-ingesting stirred tank for biohydrogen production. Chem Eng Res Des 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Machado MB, Bittorf KJ, Roussinova VT, Kresta SM. Transition from turbulent to transitional flow in the top half of a stirred tank. Chem Eng Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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