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Takahashi M, Sawada Y, Aoyagi H. A forced aeration system for microbial culture of multiple shaken vessels suppresses volatilization. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:246. [PMID: 38704767 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03960-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Shake-flask culture, an aerobic submerged culture, has been used in various applications involving cell cultivation. However, it is not designed for forced aeration. Hence, this study aimed to develop a small-scale submerged shaking culture system enabling forced aeration into the medium. A forced aeration control system for multiple vessels allows shaking, suppresses volatilization, and is attachable externally to existing shaking tables. Using a specially developed plug, medium volatilization was reduced to less than 10%, even after 45 h of continuous aeration (~ 60 mL/min of dry air) in a 50 mL working volume. Escherichia coli IFO3301 cultivation with aeration was completed within a shorter period than that without aeration, with a 35% reduction in the time-to-reach maximum bacterial concentration (26.5 g-dry cell/L) and a 1.25-fold increase in maximum concentration. The maximum bacterial concentration achieved with aeration was identical to that obtained using the Erlenmeyer flask, with a 65% reduction in the time required to reach it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Takahashi
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshisuke Sawada
- Iwashiya Bio Science, LLC, 2-18-4, Higashi Shinmachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 174-0074, Japan
| | - Hideki Aoyagi
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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2
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Dinter C, Gumprecht A, Menze MA, Azizan A, Niehoff PJ, Hansen S, Büchs J. Validation of computational fluid dynamics of shake flask experiments at moderate viscosity by liquid distributions and volumetric power inputs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3658. [PMID: 38351095 PMCID: PMC10864319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53980-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has recently become a pivotal tool in the design and scale-up of bioprocesses. While CFD has been extensively utilized for stirred tank reactors (STRs), there exists a relatively limited body of literature focusing on CFD applications for shake flasks, almost exclusively concentrated on fluids at waterlike viscosity. The importance of CFD model validation cannot be overstated. While techniques to elucidate the internal flow field are necessary for model validation in STRs, the liquid distribution, caused by the orbital shaking motion of shake flasks, can be exploited for model validation. An OpenFOAM CFD model for shake flasks has been established. Calculated liquid distributions were compared to suitable, previously published experimental data. Across a broad range of shaking conditions, at waterlike and moderate viscosity (16.7 mPa∙s), the CFD model's liquid distributions align excellently with the experimental data, in terms of overall shape and position of the liquid relative to the direction of the centrifugal force. Additionally, the CFD model was used to calculate the volumetric power input, based on the energy dissipation. Depending on the shaking conditions, the computed volumetric power inputs range from 0.1 to 7 kW/m3 and differed on average by 0.01 kW/m3 from measured literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Dinter
- RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Gumprecht
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | | | - Amizon Azizan
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Sven Hansen
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, 45772, Marl, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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3
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Kim SJ, Cantrell CL, Avula B, Chen J, Schrader KK, Santo SN, Ali A, Khan IA. Streptomyces distallicus, a Potential Microbial Biolarvicide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11274-11280. [PMID: 36040208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infected mosquitos from the genus Aedes have become one of the world's most influential contributors to human morbidity and death. To explore new biopesticides with activity against Aedes aegypti, Streptomyces distallicus, a species related to the subspecies group of Streptomyces netropsis, was investigated. Six metabolites, aureothin, allo-aureothin, deoxyaureothin, 4',7-dihydroxy isoflavone, 2-methyl-5-(3-indolyl)oxazole, and 2-ethyl-5-(3-indolyl)oxazole were isolated, and chemical structures, were elucidated based on one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy analyses and HRMS. The A. aegypti larvicidal activity of these compounds was evaluated. Only two isomeric compounds, aureothin and allo-aureothin, showed larvicidal activity against A. aegypti with LC50 values of 1.5 and 3.1 ppm for 24 h post-treatment, respectively, and 3.8 and 7.4 ppm for 48 h post-treatment, respectively. The crude extract of S. distallicus also demonstrated potent larvicidal activity with LC50 values of 1.46 and 1.2 ppm for 24 and 48 h post-treatment, respectively. Deoxyaureothin, a furan ring reduced form of aureothin, showed no activity against A. aegypti. The hybrid imported fire ants activity of aureothin was also evaluated, but it did not show any activity at the highest dose of 62.5 μg/g. Described here is the first report on a bioassay-directed investigation of the secondary metabolites of S. distallicus and biological evaluation of isolated compounds aureothin and its isomer and intermediates as potential microbial larvicides. S. distallicus and crude extracts thereof are a promising source of potential microbial biolarvicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jong Kim
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Charles L Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Jian Chen
- National Biological Control Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, United States
| | - Kevin K Schrader
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Suikinai N Santo
- EMBRAPA Centro Nacional de Pesquisas em Meio Ambiente, Rod SP 340, KM 127.5, Jaguariúna, Sao Paulo 13820-000, Brazil
| | - Abbas Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Hansen S, Gumprecht A, Micheel L, Hennemann HG, Enzmann F, Blümke W. Implementation of Perforated Concentric Ring Walls Considerably Improves Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer of Shaken Bioreactors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:894295. [PMID: 35646878 PMCID: PMC9135409 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.894295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their first use in the 1930s, shake flasks have been a widely used bioreactor type for screening and process development due to a number of advantages. However, the limited gas-liquid mass transfer capacities—resulting from practical operation limits regarding shaking frequency and filling volumes—are a major drawback. The common way to increase the gas-liquid mass transfer in shake flasks with the implementation of baffles is generally not recommended as it comes along with several severe disadvantages. Thus, a new design principle for shaken bioreactors that aims for improving the gas-liquid mass transfer without losing the positive characteristics of unbaffled shake flasks is introduced. The flasks consist of cylindrical glass vessels with implemented perforated concentric ring walls. The ring walls improve the gas-liquid mass transfer via the formation of additional liquid films on both of its sides, whereas the perforations allow for mixing between the compartments. Sulfite oxidation experiments revealed over 200% higher maximum oxygen transfer capacities (OTRmax) compared to conventional shake flasks. In batch cultivations of Escherichia coli BL21 in mineral media, unlimited growth until glucose depletion and oxygen transfer rates (OTR) of up to 138 mmol/L/h instead of an oxygen limitation at 57 mmol/L/h as in normal shake flasks under comparable conditions could be achieved. Even overflow metabolism could be prevented due to sufficient oxygen supply without the use of unconventional shaking conditions or oxygen enrichment. Therefore, we believe that the new perforated ring flask principle has a high potential to considerably improve biotechnological screening and process development steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Hansen
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Marl, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sven Hansen,
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Schrinner K, Schrader M, Niebusch J, Althof K, Schwarzer FA, Nowka PF, Dinius A, Kwade A, Krull R. Macroparticle-enhanced cultivation of Lentzea aerocolonigenes: Variation of mechanical stress and combination with lecithin supplementation for a significantly increased rebeccamycin production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3984-3995. [PMID: 34196390 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The actinomycete Lentzea aerocolonigenes produces the antitumor antibiotic rebeccamycin. In previous studies the rebeccamycin production was significantly increased by the addition of glass beads during cultivation in different diameters between 0.5 and 2 mm and the induced mechanical stress by the glass beads was proposed to be responsible for the increased production. Thus, this study was conducted to be a systematic investigation of different parameters for macroparticle addition, such as bead diameter, concentration, and density (glass and ceramic) as well as shaking frequency, for a better understanding of the particle-induced stress on L. aerocolonigenes. The induced stress for optimal rebeccamycin production can be estimated by a combination of stress energy and stress frequency. In addition, the macroparticle-enhanced cultivation of L. aerocolonigenes was combined with soy lecithin addition to further increase the rebeccamycin concentration. With 100 g L-1 glass beads in a diameter of 969 µm and 5 g L-1 soy lecithin a concentration of 388 mg L-1 rebeccamycin was reached after 10 days of cultivation, which corresponds to the highest rebeccamycin concentrations achieved in shake flask cultivations of L. aerocolonigenes stated in literature so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schrinner
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marcel Schrader
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Niebusch
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristin Althof
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Friederike A Schwarzer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Paul-Frederik Nowka
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anna Dinius
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arno Kwade
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rainer Krull
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Takahashi M, Aoyagi H. Analysis of porous breathable stopper and development of PID control for gas phase during shake-flask culture with microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8925-8936. [PMID: 32870338 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the ventilation ability of two types (plug-type and cap-type) of culture-stoppers having standard air permeability. The culture-stoppers were evaluated using the circulation direct monitoring and sampling system with CO2 concentration in the gas phase of a shake-flask culture as an index. The half-lives of CO2 in the headspace of the shake flask with the plug-type and cap-type stoppers were about 51.5 min and about 30.3 min, respectively. Based on these half-lives, we formulated a model equation to simulate the behaviour of CO2 with different culture-stoppers. After validating the model equation by shake-flask culture with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we investigated the effect of different ventilation abilities of the culture-stoppers on the growth of Pelomonas saccharophila and Escherichia coli: the sensitivity of the culture-stopper to the ventilation ability was dependent on the microorganism species. In the case of P. saccharophila, when the plug-type culture-stopper was combined with controlled CO2 concentration (6%) in the flask, the maximum yield increased by twofold compared to that of the control. This study shows the importance of ventilation in headspace and conventional culture-stoppers during the shake-flask culture of microorganisms. The problems that may occur between the conventional shake-flask culture approach using a breathable culture-stopper and the next-generation shake-flask culture without a conventional culture-stopper were clarified from the evaluation of gas-permeable culture-stoppers. The importance of controlled gaseous phase in the headspace during shake-flask culture of the microorganisms was also elucidated. KEY POINTS: • Ventilation capacity of culture-stoppers was evaluated using the CO2 half-life concentration. • Behaviour of microorganisms varies with the type of culture-stopper. • Developed a PID system for control of CO2 in flask gas phase to enhance the shake-flask culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Takahashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hideki Aoyagi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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Schrader M, Pommerehne K, Wolf S, Finke B, Schilde C, Kampen I, Lichtenegger T, Krull R, Kwade A. Design of a CFD-DEM-based method for mechanical stress calculation and its application to glass bead-enhanced cultivations of filamentous Lentzea aerocolonigenes. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gamboa-Suasnavart RA, Valdez-Cruz NA, Gaytan-Ortega G, Reynoso-Cereceda GI, Cabrera-Santos D, López-Griego L, Klöckner W, Büchs J, Trujillo-Roldán MA. The metabolic switch can be activated in a recombinant strain of Streptomyces lividans by a low oxygen transfer rate in shake flasks. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:189. [PMID: 30486842 PMCID: PMC6260694 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Streptomyces, understanding the switch from primary to secondary metabolism is important for maximizing the production of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, as well as for optimizing recombinant glycoprotein production. Differences in Streptomyces lividans bacterial aggregation as well as recombinant glycoprotein production and O-mannosylation have been reported due to modifications in the shake flask design. We hypothetized that such differences are related to the metabolic switch that occurs under oxygen-limiting conditions in the cultures. Results Shake flask design was found to affect undecylprodigiosin (RED, a marker of secondary metabolism) production; the RED yield was 12 and 385 times greater in conventional normal Erlenmeyer flasks (NF) than in baffled flasks (BF) and coiled flasks (CF), respectively. In addition, oxygen transfer rates (OTR) and carbon dioxide transfer rates were almost 15 times greater in cultures in CF and BF as compared with those in NF. Based on these data, we obtained respiration quotients (RQ) consistent with aerobic metabolism for CF and BF, but an RQ suggestive of anaerobic metabolism for NF. Conclusion Although the metabolic switch is usually related to limitations in phosphate and nitrogen in Streptomyces sp., our results reveal that it can also be activated by low OTR, dramatically affecting recombinant glycoprotein production and O-mannosylation and increasing RED synthesis in the process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-1035-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsés A Gamboa-Suasnavart
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gaytan-Ortega
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Greta I Reynoso-Cereceda
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cabrera-Santos
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Lorena López-Griego
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Wolf Klöckner
- Department of Biochemical Engineering (AVT.BioVT), RWTH Aachen University of Technology, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Bayer AG, Engineering and Technology, Chempark, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- Department of Biochemical Engineering (AVT.BioVT), RWTH Aachen University of Technology, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, CP. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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