Collagen hydrolysate from Thunnus orientalis bone induces osteoblast proliferation and differentiation

Caffeine regulates both osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation via the AKT, NF-κB, and MAPK pathways

Background: Although caffeine generally offers benefits to human health, its impact on bone metabolism remains unclear. Aim and Methods: This study aimed to systematically evaluate the long-term effects of caffeine administration on osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and ovariectomy-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP). Results: Our in vitro findings revealed that 3.125 and 12.5 μg/mL caffeine inhibited RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 cells through the MAPK and NF-κB pathways, accompanied by the inactivation of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor NFATc1. Similarly, 3.125 and 12.5 μg/mL of caffeine modulated MC3T3-E1 osteogenesis via the AKT, MAPK, and NF-κB pathways. However, 50 μg/mL of caffeine promoted the phosphorylation of IκBα, P65, JNK, P38, and AKT, followed by the activation of NFATc1 and the inactivation of Runx2 and Osterix, ultimately disrupting the balance between osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. In vivo studies showed that gavage with 55.44 mg/kg caffeine inhibited osteoclastogenesis, promoted osteogenesis, and ameliorated bone loss in ovariectomized mice. Conclusion: Conversely, long-term intake of high-dose caffeine (110.88 mg/kg) disrupted osteogenesis activity and promoted osteoclastogenesis, thereby disturbing bone homeostasis. Collectively, these findings suggest that a moderate caffeine intake (approximately 400 mg in humans) can regulate bone homeostasis by influencing both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. However, long-term high-dose caffeine consumption (approximately 800 mg in humans) could have detrimental effects on the skeletal system.

Hydrolyzed Collagen Tripeptide Promotes Longitudinal Bone Growth in Childhood Rats via Increases in Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

Previous studies have reported that collagen tripeptide (CTP) derived from collagen hydrolysate has various beneficial effects on health by protecting against skin aging and improving bone formation and cartilage regeneration. Collagen-Tripep20TM (CTP20), which is a low-molecular-weight CTP derived from fish skin, contains a bioactive CTP, Gly-Pro-Hyp >3.2% with a tripeptide content >20%. Herein, we investigated the osteogenic effects and mechanisms of CTP20 (<500 Da) on MG-63 osteoblast-like cells and SW1353 chondrocytes. And we measured promoting ratio of the longitudinal bone growth in childhood rats. First, CTP20 at 100 μg/mL elevated the proliferation (15.0% and 28.2%), alkaline phosphatase activity (29.3% and 32.0%), collagen synthesis (1.25- and 1.14-fold), and calcium deposition (1.18- and 1.15-fold) in MG-63 cells and SW1353, respectively. In addition, we found that CTP20 could promote the longitudinal growth and height of the growth plate of the tibia in childhood rats. CTP20 enhanced the protein expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in MG-63 and SW1353 cells, and in the growth plate of childhood rats, along with Janus Kinase 2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 activation in MG-63 and SW1353 cells. CTP20 also elevated the expression levels of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in MG-63 and SW1353 cells and in the growth plates of childhood rats. These results indicate that CTP20 may promote the endochondral ossification and longitudinal bone growth, through enhancing of IGF-1 and BMPs. (Clinical Trial Registration number: smecae 19-09-01).

Identification of Five Gelatins Based on Marker Peptides from Type I Collagen by Mass Spectrum in Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mode

In this study, a novel pseudo-targeted peptidomics strategy, integrating the transition list generated by an in-house software (Pep-MRMer) and the retention time transfer by high-abundance ion-based retention time calibration (HAI-RT-cal), was developed to screen marker peptides of gelatins from five closely related animal species, including porcine, bovine, horse, mule, and donkey. Five marker peptides were screened from the molecular phenotypic differences of type I collagen. Furthermore, a simple and robust 10 min multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was established and performed well in distinguishing different gelatins, particularly in discerning horse-hide gelatin (HHG) and mule-hide gelatin (MHG) from donkey-hide gelatin (DHG). The market investigation revealed the serious adulteration of DHG. Meantime, the pseudo-targeted peptidomics could be used to screen marker peptides of other gelatin foods.

Evaluating the Potential of Marine Invertebrate and Insect Protein Hydrolysates to Reduce Fetal Bovine Serum in Cell Culture Media for Cultivated Fish Production

The use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) and the price of cell culture media are the key constraints for developing serum-free cost-effective media. This study aims to replace or reduce the typical 10% serum application in fish cell culture media by applying protein hydrolysates from insects and marine invertebrate species for the growth of Zebrafish embryonic stem cells (ESC) as the model organism. Protein hydrolysates were produced from black soldier flies (BSF), crickets, oysters, mussels, and lugworms with a high protein content, suitable functional properties, and adequate amino-acid composition, with the degree of hydrolysis from 18.24 to 33.52%. Protein hydrolysates at low concentrations from 0.001 to 0.1 mg/mL in combination with 1 and 2.5% serums significantly increased cell growth compared to the control groups (5 and 10% serums) (p < 0.05). All protein hydrolysates with concentrations of 1 and 10 mg/mL were found to be toxic to cells and significantly reduced cell growth and performance (p < 0.05). However, except for crickets, all the hydrolysates were able to restore or significantly increase cell growth and viability with 50% less serum at concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mg/mL. Although cell growth was enhanced at lower concentrations of protein hydrolysates, the cell morphology was altered due to the lack of serum. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity results indicated that BSF and lugworm hydrolysates did not alter the cell membrane. In addition, light and fluorescence imaging revealed that the cell morphological features were comparable to those of the 10% serum control group. Overall, lugworm and BSF hydrolysates reduced the serum by up to 90% while preserving excellent cell health.

Molecular Weight Analysis of Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) Collagen Hydrolysates by GPC-LS; Effect of High Molecular Weight Hydrolysates on Fibroblast Cultures: mRNA Collagen Type I Expression and Synthesis

High molecular weight (Mw) collagen hydrolysates have been demonstrated to produce a higher synthesis of collagen type I mRNA. Mw determination is a key factor maximizing the effect of collagen hydrolysates on collagen type I synthesis by fibroblasts. This work aimed to achieve a high average Mw in Blue Shark Collagen Hydrolysate, studying different hydrolysis parameters by GPC-LS analysis and testing its effect on mRNA Type I collagen expression. Analysis revealed differences in blue shark collagen hydrolysates Mw depending on hydrolysis conditions. Papain leads to obtaining a significantly higher Mw hydrolysate than Alcalase at different times of hydrolysis and at different enzyme/substrate ratios. Besides, the time of the hydrolysis factor is more determinant than the enzyme/substrate ratio factor for obtaining a higher or lower hydrolysate Mw when using Papain as the enzyme. Contrary, Alcalase hydrolysates resulted in similar Mw with no significant differences between different conditions of hydrolysis assayed. Blue shark collagen hydrolysate showing the highest Mw showed neither cytotoxic nor proliferation effect on fibroblast cell culture. Besides, it exhibited an increasing effect on both mRNA expression and pro-collagen I production.

Steam Explosion-Assisted Extraction of Protein from Fish Backbones and Effect of Enzymatic Hydrolysis on the Extracts

The development of an efficient pretreatment, prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, is a good strategy for the sustainable use of refractory fish byproducts. This study compared hydrothermal pretreatments at 159 °C for 2 min, followed by water extraction (steam explosion-assisted extraction, SE) and 121 °C for 70 min (hot-pressure extraction, HPE), for the recovery of proteins from fish backbones. The effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on the properties of the obtained fish bone protein (FBP) was also evaluated. The results demonstrated that FBP had high contents of protein (81.09-84.88 g/100 g) and hydroxyproline (70-82 residues/1000 residues). After hydrolysis with Flavourzyme, for 3 h, the FBP hydrolysates that were pretreated with SE (SFBP-H) exhibited a better degree of hydrolysis (DH) and nitrogen recovery (NR), and a higher level of umami taste free amino acids (151.50 mg/100 mL), compared with the HPE-treated samples. The obtained SFBP-H mainly distributed below 3000 Da and had strong scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) (IC₅₀ = 4.24 mg/mL) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) (IC₅₀ = 1.93 mg/mL) radicals. Steam explosion-assisted extraction is a promising route for recovering proteins from native fish bone materials, and improving the flavor and antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates.

Elucidating the Biological Activity of Fish-Derived Collagen and Gelatine Hydrolysates using Animal Cell Culture - A Review

A large percentage of a fish's weight is generally discarded during fish processing. Reducing the waste products of marine origin is a subject of great interest within the scientific community. Pelagic byproducts, such as the structural protein collagen, which can be generated during the processing of fish, have been proposed as an alternative to terrestrial, mammalian sources due to advantages including high availability and low risk of zoonotic disease transmission. Gelatine has multiple possible applications, ranging from nutraceutical applications to cosmetics and has the advantage of being generally regarded as safe. In this multidisciplinary review, the chemistry of gelatine and its parent protein collagen, the chemical reactions to generate their hydrolysates, and studies on their biological activities using animal cell culture are discussed.

Use of Alcalase in the production of bioactive peptides: A review

This review aims to cover the uses of the commercially available protease Alcalase in the production of biologically active peptides since 2010. Immobilization of Alcalase has also been reviewed, as immobilization of the enzyme may improve the final reaction design enabling the use of more drastic conditions and the reuse of the biocatalyst. That way, this review presents the production, via Alcalase hydrolysis of different proteins, of peptides with antioxidant, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory, metal binding, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities (among other bioactivities) and peptides that improve the functional, sensory and nutritional properties of foods. Alcalase has proved to be among the most efficient proteases for this goal, using different protein sources, being especially interesting the use of the protein residues from food industry as feedstock, as this also solves nature pollution problems. Very interestingly, the bioactivities of the protein hydrolysates further improved when Alcalase is used in a combined way with other proteases both in a sequential way or in a simultaneous hydrolysis (something that could be related to the concept of combi-enzymes), as the combination of proteases with different selectivities and specificities enable the production of a larger amount of peptides and of a smaller size.

Preparation of aminated fish scale collagen and oxidized sodium alginate hybrid hydrogel for enhanced full-thickness wound healing

Acute full-thickness wounds require a more extended healing period, thus increasing the risk of infection. Severe infection frequently resulted in wound ulceration, necrosis, and even life-threatening complications. Here, a hybrid hydrogel comprising aminated collagen (AC), oxidized sodium alginate (OSA), and antimicrobial peptides (polymyxin B sulfate and bacitracin) was developed to enhance full-thickness wound healing. The AC with low immunogenicity and high biocompatibility was made from marine fish scales, which are eco-friendly, low-cost, and sustainable. The cross-linked hydrogel was formed by a Schiff base reaction without any catalysts and additional procedures. As expected, the presented hybrid hydrogel can effectively against E. coli and S. aureus, as well as promote cell growth and angiogenesis in vitro. In addition, the hydrogel can promote full-thickness wound healing in a rat model through accelerating reepithelialization, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis. Our work demonstrated that the hybrid hydrogel has promising applications in the field of wound healing, which would prompt the utilization of marine fish resources during food processing.