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Controlling gas–liquid segment length in microchannels using a high-speed valve. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kufner AC, Krummnow A, Danzer A, Wohlgemuth K. Strategy for Fast Decision on Material System Suitability for Continuous Crystallization Inside a Slug Flow Crystallizer. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1795. [PMID: 36296148 PMCID: PMC9610778 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing focus on two-phase flow in micro- or mini-structured apparatuses for various manufacturing and measurement instrumentation applications, including the field of crystallization as a separation technique. The slug flow pattern offers salient features for producing high-quality products, since narrow residence time distribution of liquid and solid phases, intensified mixing and heat exchange, and an enhanced particle suspension are achieved despite laminar flow conditions. Due to its unique features, the slug flow crystallizer (SFC) represents a promising concept for small-scale continuous crystallization achieving high-quality active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Therefore, a time-efficient strategy is presented in this study to enable crystallization of a desired solid product in the SFC as quickly as possible and without much experimental effort. This strategy includes pre-selection of the solvent/solvent mixture using heuristics, verifying the slug flow stability in the apparatus by considering the static contact angle and dynamic flow behavior, and modeling the temperature-dependent solubility in the supposed material system using perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT). This strategy was successfully verified for the amino acids l-alanine and l-arginine and the API paracetamol for binary and ternary systems and, thus, represents a general approach for using different material systems in the SFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cathrine Kufner
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, TU Dortmund University, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Adrian Krummnow
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Andreas Danzer
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wohlgemuth
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, TU Dortmund University, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Sonnenschein J, Wohlgemuth K. Archimedes tube crystallizer: Design and characterization for small-scale continuous crystallization. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mathew Thomas K, Nyande BW, Lakerveld R. Design and Characterization of Kenics Static Mixer Crystallizers. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Towards Continuous Primary Manufacturing Processes—Particle Design through Combined Crystallization and Particle Isolation. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9122187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated continuous manufacturing processes of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) provide key benefits concerning product quality control, scale-up capability, and a reduced time-to-market. Thereby, the crystallization step, which is used in approximately 90% of API productions, mainly defines the final API properties. This study focuses on the design and operation of an integrated small-scale process combining a continuous slug flow crystallizer (SFC) with continuous particle isolation using the modular continuous vacuum screw filter (CVSF). By selective adjustment of supersaturation and undersaturation, the otherwise usual blocking could be successfully avoided in both apparatuses. It was shown that, during crystallization in an SFC, a significant crystal growth of particles (Δd50,3≈ 220 µm) is achieved, and that, during product isolation in the CVSF, the overall particle size distribution (PSD) is maintained. The residual moistures for the integrated process ranged around 2% during all experiments performed, ensuring free-flowing particles at the CVSF outlet. In summary, the integrated setup offers unique features, such as its enhanced product quality control and fast start-up behavior, providing a promising concept for integrated continuous primary manufacturing processes of APIs.
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Flow Map for Hydrodynamics and Suspension Behavior in a Continuous Archimedes Tube Crystallizer. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11121466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Archimedes Tube Crystallizer (ATC) is a small-scale coiled tubular crystallizer operated with air-segmented flow. As individual liquid segments are moved through the apparatus by rotation, the ATC operates as a pump. Thus, the ATC overcomes pressure drop limitations of other continuous crystallizers, allowing for longer residence times and crystal growth phases. Understanding continuous crystallizer phenomena is the basis for a well-designed crystallization process, especially for small-scale applications in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industry. Hydrodynamics and suspension behavior, for example, affect agglomeration, breakage, attrition, and ultimately crystallizer blockage. In practice, however, it is time-consuming to investigate these phenomena experimentally for each new material system. In this contribution, a flow map is developed in five steps through a combination of experiments, CFD simulations, and dimensionless numbers. Accordingly, operating parameters can be specified depending on ATC design and material system used, where suspension behavior is suitable for high-quality crystalline products.
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Termühlen M, Strakeljahn B, Schembecker G, Wohlgemuth K. Quantification and evaluation of operating parameters’ effect on suspension behavior for slug flow crystallization. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Continuous Cooling Crystallization in a Coiled Flow Inverter Crystallizer Technology—Design, Characterization, and Hurdles. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous small-scale production is currently of utmost interest for fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. For this purpose, equipment and process concepts in consideration of the hurdles for solids handling are required to transfer conventional batch processing to continuous operation. Based on empirical equations, pressure loss constraints, and an expandable modular system, a coiled flow inverter (CFI) crystallizer with an inner diameter of 1.6 mm was designed. It was characterized concerning its residence time behavior, tested for operation with seed crystals or an ultrasonic seed crystal unit, and evaluated for different purging mechanisms for stable operation. The residence time behavior in the CFI corresponds to ideal plug flow behavior. Crystal growth using seed crystals was demonstrated in the CFI for two amino acids. For fewer seed crystals, higher crystal growth rates were determined, while at the same time, secondary nucleation was observed. Feasibility for the interconnection of a sonicated seeding crystal unit could be shown. However, the hurdles are also identified and discussed. Prophylactic flushing combined with a photosensor for distinguishing between solvent and suspension phase can lead to stable and resource-efficient operation. The small-scale CFI technology was investigated in detail, and the limits and opportunities of the technology are presented here.
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Termühlen M, Etmanski MM, Kryschewski I, Kufner AC, Schembecker G, Wohlgemuth K. Continuous slug flow crystallization: Impact of design and operating parameters on product quality. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sitapure N, Epps RW, Abolhasani M, Sang-Il Kwon J. CFD-Based Computational Studies of Quantum Dot Size Control in Slug Flow Crystallizers: Handling Slug-to-Slug Variation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c06323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Sitapure
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Texas A&M Energy Insitute, 1617 Research Pkwy, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Robert W. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Joseph Sang-Il Kwon
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Texas A&M Energy Insitute, 1617 Research Pkwy, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Sheng X, Zheng Y, Li W, Gao R, Du L, Wang Y. Scale-up potential of photochemical microfluidic synthesis by selective dimension enlarging with agitation of microbubbles. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Segmented Microfluidic Flow Reactors for Nanomaterial Synthesis. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071421. [PMID: 32708175 PMCID: PMC7407902 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic reactors have remarkably promoted the synthesis and investigation of advanced nanomaterials due to their continuous mode and accelerated heat/mass transfer. Notably, segmented microfluidic flow reactors (SMFRs) are an important class of microfluidic reactors that have been developed to accurately manipulate nanomaterial synthesis by further improvement of the residence time distributions and unique flow behaviors. This review provided a survey of the nanomaterial synthesis in SMFRs for the aspects of fluid dynamics, flow patterns, and mass transfer among and within distinct phases and provided examples of the synthesis of versatile nanomaterials via the use of different flow patterns.
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