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Aldunate N, López V, Rojas-Thomas F, Villena-González M, Palacios I, Artigas C, Rodríguez E, Bosman CA. Emotional text messages affect the early processing of emoticons depending on their emotional congruence: evidence from the N170 and EPN event related potentials. Cogn Process 2024:10.1007/s10339-024-01223-y. [PMID: 39180634 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Emoticons have been considered pragmatic cues that enhance emotional expressivity during computer-mediated communication. Yet, it is unclear how emoticons are processed in ambiguous text-based communication due to incongruences between the emoticon's emotional valence and its context. In this study, we investigated the electrophysiological correlates of contextual influence on the early emotional processing of emoticons, during an emotional congruence judgment task. Participants were instructed to judge the congruence between a text message expressing an emotional situation (positive or negative), and a subsequent emoticon expressing positive or negative emotions. We analyzed early event-related potentials elicited by emoticons related to face processing (N170) and emotional salience in visual perception processing (Early Posterior Negativity, EPN). Our results show that accuracy and Reaction Times depend on the interaction between the emotional valence of the context and the emoticon. Negative emoticons elicited a larger N170, suggesting that the emotional information of the emoticon is integrated at the early stages of the perceptual process. During emoticon processing, a valence effect was observed with enhanced EPN amplitudes in occipital areas for emoticons representing negative valences. Moreover, we observed a congruence effect in parieto-temporal sites within the same time-window, with larger amplitudes for the congruent condition. We conclude that, similar to face processing, emoticons are processed differently according to their emotional content and the context in which they are embedded. A congruent context might enhance the emotional salience of the emoticon (and therefore, its emotional expression) during the early stages of their processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Aldunate
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Vladimir López
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Rojas-Thomas
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ismael Palacios
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Artigas
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenio Rodríguez
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Conrado A Bosman
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dai YF, Gao XY, Leng WW, Huang C, Yu WJ, Jiang CH. Congruent or conflicting? The interaction between emoji and textual sentence is not that simple! Heliyon 2024; 10:e32984. [PMID: 38994052 PMCID: PMC11238005 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
As a Japanese graphic symbol widely used in the world, Emoji plays an important role in computer mediated communication. Despite its prevalent use, the interaction dynamics between emoji and textual sentences remain inadequately explored. Based on the emotional function of emoji, this study uses the indirect priming method to explore the emotional impact of emoji on subsequent text in computer mediated communication through two progressive behavioral experiments. The results show that: (1) Emoji positioned at the onset of a sentence induce an emotional priming effect; (2) The processing speed is slowest when emoji and text are emotionally conflicting, while in non-conflicting condition, the type of emoji moderates the processing of combined sentences; (3) The emotional influence of emoji plays an auxiliary role, and the valence of textual sentence plays a decisive role in emotional perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Fu Dai
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Gao
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Wu Leng
- The Center of Neuroscience and Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yu
- School of Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| | - Chang-Hao Jiang
- The Center of Neuroscience and Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
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Weissman B, Cohn N, Tanner D. The electrophysiology of lexical prediction of emoji and text. Neuropsychologia 2024; 198:108881. [PMID: 38579906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
As emoji often appear naturally alongside text in utterances, they provide a way to study how prediction unfolds in multimodal sentences in direct comparison to unimodal sentences. In this experiment, participants (N = 40) read sentences in which the sentence-final noun appeared in either word form or emoji form, a between-subjects manipulation. The experiment featured both high constraint sentences and low constraint sentences to examine how the lexical processing of emoji interacts with prediction processes in sentence comprehension. Two well-established ERP components linked to lexical processing and prediction - the N400 and the Late Frontal Positivity - are investigated for sentence-final words and emoji to assess whether, to what extent, and in what linguistic contexts emoji are processed like words. Results indicate that the expected effects, namely an N400 effect to an implausible lexical item compared to a plausible one and an LFP effect to an unexpected lexical item compared to an expected one, emerged for both words and emoji. This paper discusses the similarities and differences between the stimulus types and constraint conditions, contextualized within theories of linguistic prediction, ERP components, and a multimodal lexicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Weissman
- Department of Cognitive Science Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; Department of Linguistics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 707 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Neil Cohn
- Department of Communication and Cognition Tilburg University PO Box 90153, 5000, LE Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Darren Tanner
- Department of Linguistics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 707 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; AI For Good Lab Microsoft 1 Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA, USA
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Clough S, Morrow E, Mutlu B, Turkstra L, Duff MC. Emotion recognition of faces and emoji in individuals with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2023; 37:596-610. [PMID: 36847497 PMCID: PMC10175112 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2023.2181401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial emotion recognition deficits are common after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and linked to poor social outcomes. We examine whether emotion recognition deficits extend to facial expressions depicted by emoji. METHODS Fifty-one individuals with moderate-severe TBI (25 female) and fifty-one neurotypical peers (26 female) viewed photos of human faces and emoji. Participants selected the best-fitting label from a set of basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, sadness, neutral, surprise, happy) or social emotions (embarrassed, remorseful, anxious, neutral, flirting, confident, proud). RESULTS We analyzed the likelihood of correctly labeling an emotion by group (neurotypical, TBI), stimulus condition (basic faces, basic emoji, social emoji), sex (female, male), and their interactions. Participants with TBI did not significantly differ from neurotypical peers in overall emotion labeling accuracy. Both groups had poorer labeling accuracy for emoji compared to faces. Participants with TBI (but not neurotypical peers) had poorer accuracy for labeling social emotions depicted by emoji compared to basic emotions depicted by emoji. There were no effects of participant sex. DISCUSSION Because emotion representation is more ambiguous in emoji than human faces, studying emoji use and perception in TBI is an important consideration for understanding functional communication and social participation after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharice Clough
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center
| | - Emily Morrow
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center
| | - Bilge Mutlu
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of
Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Lyn Turkstra
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University
| | - Melissa C. Duff
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center
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Ferré P, Haro J, Pérez-Sánchez MÁ, Moreno I, Hinojosa JA. Emoji-SP, the Spanish emoji database: Visual complexity, familiarity, frequency of use, clarity, and emotional valence and arousal norms for 1031 emojis. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:1715-1733. [PMID: 35713762 PMCID: PMC10250465 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article presents subjective norms for 1031 emojis in six dimensions: visual complexity, familiarity, frequency of use, clarity, emotional valence, and emotional arousal. This is the largest normative study conducted so far that relies on subjective ratings. Unlike the few existing normative studies, which mainly comprise face emojis, here we present a wide range of emoji categories. We also examine the correlations between the dimensions assessed. Our results show that, in terms of their affective properties, emojis are analogous to other stimuli, such as words, showing the expected U-shaped relationship between valence and arousal. The relationship between affective properties and other dimensions (e.g., between valence and familiarity) is also similar to the relationship observed in words, in the sense that positively valenced emojis are more familiar than negative ones. These findings suggest that emojis are suitable stimuli for studying affective processing. Emoji-SP will be highly valuable for researchers of various fields interested in emojis, including computer science, communication, linguistics, and psychology. The full set of norms is available at: https://osf.io/dtfjv/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Ferré
- Departament de Psicologia and CRAMC, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carretera de Valls, s.n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Juan Haro
- Departament de Psicologia and CRAMC, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carretera de Valls, s.n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Irene Moreno
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Hinojosa
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
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Choi J, Shim SH, Kim S. The power of emojis: The impact of a leader's use of positive emojis on members' creativity during computer-mediated communications. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285368. [PMID: 37200355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The existing literature on emojis offers limited insights on the effects of using emojis in organizational settings, especially in the context of leader-member relationships. The current research examines how a leader's use of positive emojis can influence members' creative performance, a critical determinant of an organization's success and productivity. We find that a leader's use of positive emojis enhances members' creativity and that this effect is mediated by a decrease in members' perception of objectification by the leader. We further find that this impact of a leader's use of positive emojis on members' creativity is stronger when members have a higher level of relationship orientation. Contrary to the popular belief that the use of emojis in a work setting is inappropriate, our findings reveal that leaders' use of emojis has positive impacts on important workplace outcomes. These findings provide important guidelines on how to apply emojis to computer-mediated communications at work by demonstrating the circumstances in which positive consequences of using emojis occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Choi
- Department of Management, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - So-Hyeon Shim
- HKU Business School, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sara Kim
- HKU Business School, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Vareberg KR, Vogt O, Berndt M. Putting your best face forward: How instructor emoji use influences students' impressions of credibility, immediacy, and liking. EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 28:6075-6092. [PMID: 36406789 PMCID: PMC9640873 DOI: 10.1007/s10639-022-11421-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This project explores the impacts of emojis on students' impressions when used in a course welcome email. We adopt a 4 × 3 factorial design to determine how different emojis (i.e., , , ) impact students' impressions of credibility, immediacy, and liking. Data from students (N = 368) indicates emoji choice does impact impressions. Consistently, instructors' emoji use resulted in decreased perceived competence and trustworthiness but increased perceived caring, immediacy, and liking. Findings have implications for instructors who engage in technologically-mediated out-of-class communication and want to strengthen early student-instructor relationships. Limitations and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R. Vareberg
- Department of Communication & Media Studies, Northeastern State University, 600 N Grand Ave, Tahlequah, OK 74464 USA
| | - Olivia Vogt
- Department of Communication, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND USA
| | - Maranda Berndt
- Bellisario College of Communications, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA USA
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Xiong Z, Weng X, Wei Y. Research on the Influence of Visual Factors on Emotion Regulation Interaction. Front Psychol 2022; 12:772642. [PMID: 35069353 PMCID: PMC8770853 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To guide the design direction of emotion regulation products that improve the positive emotions of users, investigation into the correlation between relevant visual factors and multi-dimensional complex emotions is needed. In the present study, an extended product emotion measurement method was adopted to describe the multi-dimensional emotional set of each influencing factor and calculate their weight according to the order. The positive and negative emotion indicators of all influencing factors were compared and the evaluation and ranking factors that affect users’ emotional value of emotion regulation products were analyzed. The experimental results reveal that specific emotion mapping scenes on positive emotion are the most significant among the key factors affecting user emotion. Further, the influence of emotional stickers, interactive data visualization, and text on positive emotions decreased in turn. The influence of emotional text on positive emotion was the lowest. Through investigating the visual factors that affect the psychological emotions of users, the development of emotion regulating products could be guided in a more scientific and reasonable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Xiong
- School of Design, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Weng
- School of Design, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Dajia Information Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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