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Goering JP, Isai DG, Czirok A, Saadi I. Isolation and Time-Lapse Imaging of Primary Mouse Embryonic Palatal Mesenchyme Cells to Analyze Collective Movement Attributes. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 33645552 DOI: 10.3791/62151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the palate is a dynamic process, which involves vertical growth of bilateral palatal shelves next to the tongue followed by elevation and fusion above the tongue. Defects in this process lead to cleft palate, a common birth defect. Recent studies have shown that palatal shelf elevation involves a remodeling process that transforms the orientation of the shelf from a vertical to a horizontal one. The role of the palatal shelf mesenchymal cells in this dynamic remodeling has been difficult to study. Time-lapse-imaging-based quantitative analysis has been recently used to show that primary mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal (MEPM) cells can self-organize into a collective movement. Quantitative analyses could identify differences in mutant MEPM cells from a mouse model with palate elevation defects. This paper describes methods to isolate and culture MEPM cells from E13.5 embryos-specifically for time-lapse imaging-and to determine various cellular attributes of collective movement, including measures for stream formation, shape alignment, and persistence of direction. It posits that MEPM cells can serve as a proxy model for studying the role of palatal shelf mesenchyme during the dynamic process of elevation. These quantitative methods will allow investigators in the craniofacial field to assess and compare collective movement attributes in control and mutant cells, which will augment the understanding of mesenchymal remodeling during palatal shelf elevation. Furthermore, MEPM cells provide a rare mesenchymal cell model for investigation of collective cell movement in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Goering
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center
| | - Dona Greta Isai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center
| | - Andras Czirok
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center; Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos University;
| | - Irfan Saadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center;
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2
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Pang Y, Yang J, Hui Z, Grottkau BE. Robotic Patterning a Superhydrophobic Surface for Collective Cell Migration Screening. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 24:205-213. [PMID: 29397786 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration, in which cells migrate as a group, is fundamental in many biological and pathological processes. There is increasing interest in studying the collective cell migration in high throughput. Cell scratching, insertion blocker, and gel-dissolving techniques are some methodologies used previously. However, these methods have the drawbacks of cell damage, substrate surface alteration, limitation in medium exchange, and solvent interference. The superhydrophobic surface, on which the water contact angle is greater than 150 degrees, has been recently utilized to generate patterned arrays. Independent cell culture areas can be generated on a substrate that functions the same as a conventional multiple well plate. However, so far there has been no report on superhydrophobic patterning for the study of cell migration. In this study, we report on the successful development of a robotically patterned superhydrophobic array for studying collective cell migration in high throughput. The array was developed on a rectangular single-well cell culture plate consisting of hydrophilic flat microwells separated by the superhydrophobic surface. The manufacturing process is robotic and includes patterning discrete protective masks to the substrate using 3D printing, robotic spray coating of silica nanoparticles, robotic mask removal, robotic mini silicone blocker patterning, automatic cell seeding, and liquid handling. Compared with a standard 96-well plate, our system increases the throughput by 2.25-fold and generates a cell-free area in each well non-destructively. Our system also demonstrates higher efficiency than conventional way of liquid handling using microwell plates, and shorter processing time than manual operating in migration assays. The superhydrophobic surface had no negative impact on cell viability. Using our system, we studied the collective migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and cancer cells using assays of endpoint quantification, dynamic cell tracking, and migration quantification following varied drug treatments. This system provides a versatile platform to study collective cell migration in high throughput for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Pang
- The Laboratory for Therapeutic 3D Bioprinting, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jing Yang
- The Laboratory for Therapeutic 3D Bioprinting, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhixin Hui
- The Laboratory for Therapeutic 3D Bioprinting, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian E Grottkau
- The Laboratory for Therapeutic 3D Bioprinting, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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3
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Evans CM, Fingerlin TE, Schwarz MI, Lynch D, Kurche J, Warg L, Yang IV, Schwartz DA. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Genetic Disease That Involves Mucociliary Dysfunction of the Peripheral Airways. Physiol Rev 2017; 96:1567-91. [PMID: 27630174 PMCID: PMC5243224 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an incurable complex genetic disorder that is associated with sequence changes in 7 genes (MUC5B, TERT, TERC, RTEL1, PARN, SFTPC, and SFTPA2) and with variants in at least 11 novel loci. We have previously found that 1) a common gain-of-function promoter variant in MUC5B rs35705950 is the strongest risk factor (genetic and otherwise), accounting for 30-35% of the risk of developing IPF, a disease that was previously considered idiopathic; 2) the MUC5B promoter variant can potentially be used to identify individuals with preclinical pulmonary fibrosis and is predictive of radiologic progression of preclinical pulmonary fibrosis; and 3) MUC5B may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis with MUC5B message and protein expressed in bronchiolo-alveolar epithelia of IPF and the characteristic IPF honeycomb cysts. Based on these considerations, we hypothesize that excessive production of MUC5B either enhances injury due to reduced mucociliary clearance or impedes repair consequent to disruption of normal regenerative mechanisms in the distal lung. In aggregate, these novel considerations should have broad impact, resulting in specific etiologic targets, early detection of disease, and novel biologic pathways for use in the design of future intervention, prevention, and mechanistic studies of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Evans
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tasha E Fingerlin
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marvin I Schwarz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David Lynch
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jonathan Kurche
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura Warg
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ivana V Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Safferling K, Sütterlin T, Westphal K, Ernst C, Breuhahn K, James M, Jäger D, Halama N, Grabe N. Wound healing revised: a novel reepithelialization mechanism revealed by in vitro and in silico models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 203:691-709. [PMID: 24385489 PMCID: PMC3840932 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201212020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental analysis and computational modeling of epidermal wound closure in 3D suggests an important role for surrounding tissue in determining epithelial cell movement and fate. Wound healing is a complex process in which a tissue’s individual cells have to be orchestrated in an efficient and robust way. We integrated multiplex protein analysis, immunohistochemical analysis, and whole-slide imaging into a novel medium-throughput platform for quantitatively capturing proliferation, differentiation, and migration in large numbers of organotypic skin cultures comprising epidermis and dermis. Using fluorescent time-lag staining, we were able to infer source and final destination of keratinocytes in the healing epidermis. This resulted in a novel extending shield reepithelialization mechanism, which we confirmed by computational multicellular modeling and perturbation of tongue extension. This work provides a consistent experimental and theoretical model for epidermal wound closure in 3D, negating the previously proposed concepts of epidermal tongue extension and highlighting the so far underestimated role of the surrounding tissue. Based on our findings, epidermal wound closure is a process in which cell behavior is orchestrated by a higher level of tissue control that 2D monolayer assays are not able to capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Safferling
- Hamamatsu Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, BIOQUANT, and 2 Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Timm DM, Chen J, Sing D, Gage JA, Haisler WL, Neeley SK, Raphael RM, Dehghani M, Rosenblatt KP, Killian TC, Tseng H, Souza GR. A high-throughput three-dimensional cell migration assay for toxicity screening with mobile device-based macroscopic image analysis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3000. [PMID: 24141454 PMCID: PMC3801146 DOI: 10.1038/srep03000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing demand for in vitro assays for toxicity screening in three-dimensional (3D) environments. In this study, 3D cell culture using magnetic levitation was used to create an assay in which cells were patterned into 3D rings that close over time. The rate of closure was determined from time-lapse images taken with a mobile device and related to drug concentration. Rings of human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and tracheal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were tested with ibuprofen and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Ring closure correlated with the viability and migration of cells in two dimensions (2D). Images taken using a mobile device were similar in analysis to images taken with a microscope. Ring closure may serve as a promising label-free and quantitative assay for high-throughput in vivo toxicity in 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Timm
- 1] Department of Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA [2] Nano3D Biosciences (n3D), Houston, TX 77030 USA [3]
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Loike JD, Plitt A, Kothari K, Zumeris J, Budhu S, Kavalus K, Ray Y, Jacob H. Surface acoustic waves enhance neutrophil killing of bacteria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68334. [PMID: 23936303 PMCID: PMC3735547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are structured communities of bacteria that play a major role in the pathogenicity of bacteria and are the leading cause of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections on indwelling catheters and medical prosthetic devices. Failure to resolve these biofilm infections may necessitate the surgical removal of the prosthetic device which can be debilitating and costly. Recent studies have shown that application of surface acoustic waves to catheter surfaces can reduce the incidence of infections by a mechanism that has not yet been clarified. We report here the effects of surface acoustic waves (SAW) on the capacity of human neutrophils to eradicate S. epidermidis bacteria in a planktonic state and within biofilms. Utilizing a novel fibrin gel system that mimics a tissue-like environment, we show that SAW, at an intensity of 0.3 mW/cm2, significantly enhances human neutrophil killing of S. epidermidis in a planktonic state and within biofilms by enhancing human neutrophil chemotaxis in response to chemoattractants. In addition, we show that the integrin CD18 plays a significant role in the killing enhancement observed in applying SAW. We propose from out data that this integrin may serve as mechanoreceptor for surface acoustic waves enhancing neutrophil chemotaxis and killing of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Loike
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America.
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7
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Lee DE, Chung MY, Lim TG, Huh WB, Lee HJ, Lee KW. Quercetin Suppresses Intracellular ROS Formation, MMP Activation, and Cell Motility in Human Fibrosarcoma Cells. J Food Sci 2013; 78:H1464-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Eun Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul; 151-921; Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Yu Chung
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul; 151-921; Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Lim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul; 151-921; Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bum Huh
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul; 151-921; Republic of Korea
| | - Hyong Joo Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Center for Food and Bioconvergence; Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul; 151-921; Republic of Korea
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8
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The effects of energy beverages on cultured cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3759-68. [PMID: 22809471 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The popularity and prevalence of energy beverages makes it essential to examine the interactions between the ingredients and their effects on the safety of these beverages. In this study, we used in vitro assays to examine the effects of two energy beverages on mesenchymal, epithelial and neuronal cells. Our results showed that treatment of epithelial and mesenchymal cells with either energy beverage resulted in a dose dependent delay in wound closure, in a scratch wound healing assay. In rat embryonic fibroblasts, treatment with the energy beverages led to decreased lamellipodia formation and decreased proliferation/viability; whereas in MDCK cells, energy beverage treatment resulted in actin disorganization without any effects on cell proliferation. This suggests that the mechanisms underlying delayed wound healing might be different in the two cell types. Interestingly, the delays in both cell types could not be mimicked by treatment of caffeine, taurine and glucose alone or in combinations. Furthermore, treatment of chick forebrain neuronal cultures with energy beverages resulted in a dose dependent inhibition of neurite outgrowth. The cellular assays used in this study provide a consistent, qualitative and quantitative system for examining the combinatorial effects of the various ingredients used in energy beverages.
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Karén J, Rodriguez A, Friman T, Dencker L, Sundberg C, Scholz B. Effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid on human pericytes in vitro. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24954. [PMID: 21966390 PMCID: PMC3178576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular pericytes are of key importance in neoformation of blood vessels, in stabilization of newly formed vessels as well as maintenance of angiostasis in resting tissues. Furthermore, pericytes are capable of differentiating into pro-fibrotic collagen type I producing fibroblasts. The present study investigates the effects of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) on pericyte proliferation, cell viability, migration and differentiation. The results show that HDAC inhibition through exposure of pericytes to VPA in vitro causes the inhibition of pericyte proliferation and migration with no effect on cell viability. Pericyte exposure to the potent HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A caused similar effects on pericyte proliferation, migration and cell viability. HDAC inhibition also inhibited pericyte differentiation into collagen type I producing fibroblasts. Given the importance of pericytes in blood vessel biology a qPCR array focusing on the expression of mRNAs coding for proteins that regulate angiogenesis was performed. The results showed that HDAC inhibition promoted transcription of genes involved in vessel stabilization/maturation in human microvascular pericytes. The present in vitro study demonstrates that VPA influences several aspects of microvascular pericyte biology and suggests an alternative mechanism by which HDAC inhibition affects blood vessels. The results raise the possibility that HDAC inhibition inhibits angiogenesis partly through promoting a pericyte phenotype associated with stabilization/maturation of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Karén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Friman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lennart Dencker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Sundberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Birger Scholz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kalwa H, Michel T. The MARCKS protein plays a critical role in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate metabolism and directed cell movement in vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2320-30. [PMID: 21097841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.196022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The MARCKS protein (myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate) is an actin- and calmodulin-binding protein that is expressed in many mammalian tissues. The role of MARCKS in endothelial signaling responses is incompletely understood. We found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of MARCKS in cultured endothelial cells abrogated directed cell movement in a wound healing assay. We used biochemical and cell imaging approaches to explore the role of MARCKS in endothelial signal transduction pathways activated by insulin. Insulin treatment of vascular endothelial cells promoted the dose- and time-dependent phosphorylation of MARCKS. Cell imaging and hydrodynamic approaches revealed that MARCKS is targeted to plasmalemmal caveolae and undergoes subcellular translocation in response to insulin. Insulin treatment promoted an increase in levels of the signaling phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) in plasmalemmal caveolae. The insulin-stimulated increase in caveolar PIP(2) was blocked by siRNA-mediated knockdown of MARCKS, as determined using both biochemical assays and imaging studies using FRET-based PIP(2) biosensors. The critical role of PIP(2) in MARCKS responses was explored by examining the PIP(2)- and actin-binding proteins Arp2/3 and N-WASP. Insulin promoted the rapid and robust phosphorylation of both N-WASP and Arp2/3, but these phosphorylation responses were markedly attenuated by siRNA-mediated MARCKS knockdown. Moreover, MARCKS knockdown effectively abrogated N-WASP activation in response to insulin, as determined using a FRET-based N-WASP activity biosensor. Taken together, these studies show that MARCKS plays a key role in insulin-dependent endothelial signaling to PIP(2) and is a critical determinant of actin assembly and directed cell movement in the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Kalwa
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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A novel cell permeant peptide inhibitor of MAPKAP kinase II inhibits intimal hyperplasia in a human saphenous vein organ culture model. J Vasc Surg 2010; 52:1596-607. [PMID: 20864298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.06.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed at developing a new cell-permeant peptide inhibitor (MK2i) of the kinase that phosphorylates and activates heat-shock protein (HSP)27 (MAPKAP kinase II), and evaluating the ability of this peptide to inhibit HSP27 phosphorylation and intimal thickening. METHODS The ability of MK2i to reduce HSP27 phosphorylation and cell migration was evaluated in A7R5 cells stimulated with arsenite or lysophosphatidic acid. Stable isotopic labeling using amino acids in cell culture, in combination with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, was used to characterize the effect of MK2i on global protein expression in fibroblasts. The effect of MK2i on intimal thickening and connective tissue growth factor expression was evaluated in human saphenous vein (HSV) rings maintained with 30% fetal bovine serum for 14 days by light microscopy and immunoblotting. RESULTS Pretreatment of cells with MK2i (10 μM) prior to arsenite or lysophosphatidic acid stimulation decreased phosphorylation of HSP27 (36% ± 9% and 33% ± 10%, respectively) compared with control (not pretreated) cells. MK2i also inhibited A7R5 migration, and downregulated the transforming growth factor-induced expression of collagen and fibronectin in keloid cells, two major matrix proteins involved in the development of intimal hyperplasia. Treatment of HSV segments with MK2i enhanced relaxation, reduced HSP27 phosphorylation (40% ± 17%), connective tissue growth factor expression (17% ± 5%), and intimal thickness (48.2% ± 10.5%) compared with untreated segments. On the other hand, treatment with a recombinant fusion protein containing a cell-permeant peptide attached to the HSP27 sequence increased intimal thickness of HSV segments by 48% ± 14%. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that HSP27 may play a role in the development of processes leading to intimal hyperplasia in HSV, and reduction of HSP27 phosphorylation by MK2i may be a potential strategy to inhibit the development of intimal hyperplasia in HSV to prevent the autologous vascular graft failure.
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12
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Wound Healing Assays in Well Plate—Coupled Microfluidic Devices with Controlled Parallel Flow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jala.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The migratory or proliferative responses mounted by wounded cell monolayers are important to drug discovery and drug safety testing, as well as to basic research across a number of disciplines, including stem-cell biology, cell biology, ophthalmology, endocrinology, microbiology, oncology, and developmental biology. Scratch wounding by mechanical means is the golden standard to achieve an appropriate model system in which to study these cellular reactions. The scratch wounding technique is plagued by wound size irregularity, release of cytosolic contents along the wound edge, and difficulty in scaling up to higher throughput screening. To address these issues, we developed a microfluidic device coupled to a well plate in which wounds were produced enzymatically using highly controlled laminar flow streams. Within the device, epithelial cells were cultivated and exposed to different compounds. Proliferation and migration were characterized by bright-field microscopy. Resulting wound size was highly uniform compared with reported variability of manual scratch wounding. The protocol for wounding was fully automated using customized software, and response to wounding was followed in real time by microscopy.
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Chaudhuri V, Potts BR, Karasek MA. Mechanisms of microvascular wound repair I. Role of mitosis, oxygen tension, and I-kappa B. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2007; 42:308-13. [PMID: 17316064 DOI: 10.1290/0607043.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the mechanisms of both normal reendothelialization and neointimal hyperplasia following injury, human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) were isolated from neonatal foreskin and studied in an in vitro model of the microvascular endothelium. In a standard 3-mm wound of nonproliferative HDMEC cultures, reendothelialization was complete at 32 h at a 20.8% (atmospheric) O(2) level. Inhibition of mitosis by mitomycin C did not reduce reendothelialization and both actinomycin D and cycloheximide inhibited repair by 80%. To determine if signals from injured cells communicated with noninjured cells, diffusion of the dye Lucifer Yellow was followed into injured and surrounding noninjured HDMEC. Diffusion was increased into both injured and noninjured cells, indicating a role for gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in HDMEC wound repair. To determine if a more physiologic O(2) tension (5%) also increased vascular repair, reendothelialization at 5% O(2) was compared to 20.8% O(2) (atmospheric) levels and found to be increased by up to 50% at 5% O(2) at 12 and 24 h postinjury. I-kappa B alpha, the inhibitory subunit of NF-kappa B (a transcription factor activated by oxidative stress), was upregulated following wounding. Retroviral transfection of I-kappa B alpha into HDMEC increased the rate of reendothelialization by 35%, supporting an inhibitory role for NF-kappa B in the control of HDMEC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Chaudhuri
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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14
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Bindschadler M, McGrath JL. Sheet migration by wounded monolayers as an emergent property of single-cell dynamics. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:876-84. [PMID: 17298977 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-cell migration is important for tissue development and repair. An experimentally accessible example of multi-cell migration is provided by the classic scratch-wound assay. In this assay, a confluent monolayer is 'injured' by forcibly removing a strip of cells, and the remaining monolayer 'heals' through some combination of cell migration, spreading and proliferation. The scratch wound has been used for decades as a model of wound healing and an assay of cell migration, however the mechanisms that underlie the coherent expansion of cells in the surviving monolayer are still debated. Here we develop an agent-based computational model that predicts the most robust characteristics of healing in scratch wounds. The cells in our model are simple mechanical agents that respond to cell contact by redirecting migration and slowing division. We imbued model cells with crawling and growth dynamics and measured for individual L1 fibroblasts and found that simulated recovery occurs in a steady, sheet-like and division-independent fashion to mimic healing by L1s. The lack of cohesion and biochemical cell-cell communication in the model suggests that these factors are not strictly necessary for cells to migrate as a group. Instead, our analysis suggests that steady sheet migration can be explained by cell spreading in the monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bindschadler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14450, USA
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