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Naidu AS, Wang CK, Rao P, Mancini F, Clemens RA, Wirakartakusumah A, Chiu HF, Yen CH, Porretta S, Mathai I, Naidu SAG. Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:19. [PMID: 38555403 PMCID: PMC10981760 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is devoid of any metabolic capacity; therefore, it is critical for the viral pathogen to hijack host cellular metabolic machinery for its replication and propagation. This single-stranded RNA virus with a 29.9 kb genome encodes 14 open reading frames (ORFs) and initiates a plethora of virus-host protein-protein interactions in the human body. These extensive viral protein interactions with host-specific cellular targets could trigger severe human metabolic reprogramming/dysregulation (HMRD), a rewiring of sugar-, amino acid-, lipid-, and nucleotide-metabolism(s), as well as altered or impaired bioenergetics, immune dysfunction, and redox imbalance in the body. In the infectious process, the viral pathogen hijacks two major human receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and/or neuropilin (NRP)-1, for initial adhesion to cell surface; then utilizes two major host proteases, TMPRSS2 and/or furin, to gain cellular entry; and finally employs an endosomal enzyme, cathepsin L (CTSL) for fusogenic release of its viral genome. The virus-induced HMRD results in 5 possible infectious outcomes: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe to fatal episodes; while the symptomatic acute COVID-19 condition could manifest into 3 clinical phases: (i) hypoxia and hypoxemia (Warburg effect), (ii) hyperferritinemia ('cytokine storm'), and (iii) thrombocytosis (coagulopathy). The mean incubation period for COVID-19 onset was estimated to be 5.1 days, and most cases develop symptoms after 14 days. The mean viral clearance times were 24, 30, and 39 days for acute, severe, and ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients, respectively. However, about 25-70% of virus-free COVID-19 survivors continue to sustain virus-induced HMRD and exhibit a wide range of symptoms that are persistent, exacerbated, or new 'onset' clinical incidents, collectively termed as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID. PASC patients experience several debilitating clinical condition(s) with >200 different and overlapping symptoms that may last for weeks to months. Chronic PASC is a cumulative outcome of at least 10 different HMRD-related pathophysiological mechanisms involving both virus-derived virulence factors and a multitude of innate host responses. Based on HMRD and virus-free clinical impairments of different human organs/systems, PASC patients can be categorized into 4 different clusters or sub-phenotypes: sub-phenotype-1 (33.8%) with cardiac and renal manifestations; sub-phenotype-2 (32.8%) with respiratory, sleep and anxiety disorders; sub-phenotype-3 (23.4%) with skeleto-muscular and nervous disorders; and sub-phenotype-4 (10.1%) with digestive and pulmonary dysfunctions. This narrative review elucidates the effects of viral hijack on host cellular machinery during SARS-CoV-2 infection, ensuing detrimental effect(s) of virus-induced HMRD on human metabolism, consequential symptomatic clinical implications, and damage to multiple organ systems; as well as chronic pathophysiological sequelae in virus-free PASC patients. We have also provided a few evidence-based, human randomized controlled trial (RCT)-tested, precision nutrients to reset HMRD for health recovery of PASC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Satyanarayan Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA.
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA.
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, No.1, Campus New Village, Longjiang Street, Fuqing City, Fujian, China
| | - Fabrizio Mancini
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President-Emeritus, Parker University, 2540 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, TX, 75229, USA
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- University of Southern California, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy/D. K. Kim International Center for Regulatory & Quality Sciences, 1540 Alcazar St., CHP 140, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Aman Wirakartakusumah
- International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST), Guelph, ON, Canada
- IPMI International Business School Jakarta; South East Asian Food and Agriculture Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health & Well-being, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hua Yen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sebastiano Porretta
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President, Italian Association of Food Technology (AITA), Milan, Italy
- Experimental Station for the Food Preserving Industry, Department of Consumer Science, Viale Tanara 31/a, I-43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Issac Mathai
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- Soukya International Holistic Health Center, Whitefield, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sreus A G Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA
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Xu R, Qiu S, Zhang J, Liu X, Zhang L, Xing H, You M, Wang M, Lu Y, Zhang P, Zhu J. Silibinin Schiff Base Derivatives Counteract CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury by Enhancing Anti-Inflammatory and Antiapoptotic Bioactivities. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:1441-1456. [PMID: 35601675 PMCID: PMC9122151 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s356847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Purpose Patients and Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyan Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haizhu Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Jing Zhu, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-15895975410, Email
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Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial import and maturation of peroxiredoxins from yeast and mammalian cells. Biophys Rev 2022; 13:983-994. [PMID: 35059022 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are cysteine-based peroxidases that play a central role in keeping the H2O2 at physiological levels. Eukaryotic cells express different Prxs isoforms, which differ in their subcellular locations and substrate specificities. Mitochondrial Prxs are synthesized in the cytosol as precursor proteins containing N-terminal cleavable presequences that act as mitochondrial targeting signals. Due to the fact that presequence controls the import of the vast majority of mitochondrial matrix proteins, the mitochondrial Prxs were initially predicted to be localized exclusively in the matrix. However, recent studies showed that mitochondrial Prxs are also targeted to the intermembrane space by mechanisms that remain poorly understood. While in yeast the IMP complex can translocate Prx1 to the intermembrane space, the maturation of yeast Prx1 and mammalian Prdx3 and Prdx5 in the matrix has been associated with sequential cleavages of the presequence by MPP and Oct1/MIP proteases. In this review, we describe the state of the art of the molecular mechanisms that control the mitochondrial import and maturation of Prxs of yeast and human cells. Once mitochondria are considered the major intracellular source of H2O2, understanding the mitochondrial Prx biogenesis pathways is essential to increase our knowledge about the H2O2-dependent cellular signaling, which is relevant to the pathophysiology of some human diseases.
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Martínez Y, Más D, Betancur C, Gebeyew K, Adebowale T, Hussain T, Lan W, Ding X. Role of the Phytochemical Compounds like Modulators in Gut Microbiota and Oxidative Stress. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2642-2656. [PMID: 32410554 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200515132218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, daily consumption of green herb functional food or medicinal herbs has increased as adopted by many people worldwide as a way of life or even as an alternative to the use of synthetic medicines. Phytochemicals, which are a series of compounds of relatively complex structures and restricted distribution in plants, usually perform the defensive functions for plants against insects, bacteria, fungi or other pathogenic factors. A series of studies have found their effectiveness in the treatment or prevention of systemic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, Crohn's disease and so on. OBJECTIVE This review systematizes the literature on the mechanisms of the phytochemicals that react against unique free radicals and prevent the oxidative stress and also summarizes their role in gut microbiota inhibiting bacterial translocation and damage to the intestinal barrier and improving the intestinal membrane condition. CONCLUSION The gut microbiota modulation and antioxidant activities of the phytochemicals shall be emphasized on the research of the active principles of the phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordan Martínez
- Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Zamorano, Valle de Yeguare, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazan 96, Honduras
| | - Dairon Más
- Laboratorio de Nutricion Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Cesar Betancur
- Departamento de Ganaderia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Monteria 230002, Colombia
| | - Kefyalew Gebeyew
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Tolulope Adebowale
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Tarique Hussain
- Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), P. O. Box: 128, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Wensheng Lan
- Shenzhen R&D Key Laboratory of Alien Pest Detection Technology, The Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine. Food Inspection and Quarantine Center of Shenzhen Custom, 1011Fuqiang Road, Shenzhen 518045, China
| | - Xinghua Ding
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Marí M, de Gregorio E, de Dios C, Roca-Agujetas V, Cucarull B, Tutusaus A, Morales A, Colell A. Mitochondrial Glutathione: Recent Insights and Role in Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100909. [PMID: 32987701 PMCID: PMC7598719 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), most of them deriving from the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Among the numerous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems present in mitochondria, mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) emerges as the main line of defense for maintaining the appropriate mitochondrial redox environment. mGSH’s ability to act directly or as a co-factor in reactions catalyzed by other mitochondrial enzymes makes its presence essential to avoid or to repair oxidative modifications that can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequently to cell death. Since mitochondrial redox disorders play a central part in many diseases, harboring optimal levels of mGSH is vitally important. In this review, we will highlight the participation of mGSH as a contributor to disease progression in pathologies as diverse as Alzheimer’s disease, alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, the involvement of mitochondrial ROS in the signaling of new prescribed drugs and in other pathologies (or in other unmet medical needs, such as gender differences or coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) treatment) is still being revealed; guaranteeing that research on mGSH will be an interesting topic for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.C.); Tel.: +34-93-363-8300 (M.M.)
| | - Estefanía de Gregorio
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Cristina de Dios
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Roca-Agujetas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Blanca Cucarull
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Tutusaus
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.C.); Tel.: +34-93-363-8300 (M.M.)
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona-Spanish Council of Scientific Research, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.d.G.); (C.d.D.); (V.R.-A.); (B.C.); (A.T.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.C.); Tel.: +34-93-363-8300 (M.M.)
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Stein KT, Moon SJ, Nguyen AN, Sikes HD. Kinetic modeling of H2O2 dynamics in the mitochondria of HeLa cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008202. [PMID: 32925922 PMCID: PMC7515204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promotes a range of phenotypes depending on its intracellular concentration and dosing kinetics, including cell death. While this qualitative relationship has been well established, the quantitative and mechanistic aspects of H2O2 signaling are still being elucidated. Mitochondria, a putative source of intracellular H2O2, have recently been demonstrated to be particularly vulnerable to localized H2O2 perturbations, eliciting a dramatic cell death response in comparison to similar cytosolic perturbations. We sought to improve our dynamic and mechanistic understanding of the mitochondrial H2O2 reaction network in HeLa cells by creating a kinetic model of this system and using it to explore basal and perturbed conditions. The model uses the most current quantitative proteomic and kinetic data available to predict reaction rates and steady-state concentrations of H2O2 and its reaction partners within individual mitochondria. Time scales ranging from milliseconds to one hour were simulated. We predict that basal, steady-state mitochondrial H2O2 will be in the low nM range (2-4 nM) and will be inversely dependent on the total pool of peroxiredoxin-3 (Prx3). Neglecting efflux of H2O2 to the cytosol, the mitochondrial reaction network is expected to control perturbations well up to H2O2 generation rates ~50 μM/s (0.25 nmol/mg-protein/s), above which point the Prx3 system would be expected to collapse. Comparison of these results with redox Western blots of Prx3 and Prx2 oxidation states demonstrated reasonable trend agreement at short times (≤ 15 min) for a range of experimentally perturbed H2O2 generation rates. At longer times, substantial efflux of H2O2 from the mitochondria to the cytosol was evidenced by peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx2) oxidation, and Prx3 collapse was not observed. A refined model using Monte Carlo parameter sampling was used to explore rates of H2O2 efflux that could reconcile model predictions of Prx3 oxidation states with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassi T. Stein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Sun Jin Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Athena N. Nguyen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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