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Zhu L, Han X, Xu L, Guan X, Gong A, Liu H, Zhang M. Nocturnal ozone enhancement in Shandong Province, China, in 2020-2022: Spatiotemporal distribution and formation mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171542. [PMID: 38453067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Nighttime ozone enhancement (NOE) can increase the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere by stimulating nitrate radical formation and subsequently facilitating the formation of secondary pollutants, thereby affecting air quality in the following days. Previous studies have demonstrated that when nocturnal ozone (O3) concentrations exceed 80 μg/m3, it leads to water loss and reduction of plant yields. In this study, the characteristics and mechanisms of NOE over Shandong Province as well as its 16 cities were analyzed based on observed hourly O3 concentrations from 2020 to 2022. The analysis results show that NOE predominantly occurred in the periods of 0:00-3:00 (41 %). The annual mean frequency of NOE events was ~64 days/year, approximately 4-7 days per month. The average concentration of nocturnal O3 peak (NOP) was ~72.6 μg/m3. Notably, high NOP was observed in the period from April to September with the maximum in June. Coastal cities experienced more NOE events. Typical NOE events characterized by high NOP concentrations in the coastal cities of QingDao, WeiHai and YanTai in June 2021 were selected for detailed analysis with a regional chemical transport model. The results showed that high levels of O3 in eastern coastal cities during NOE events primarily originate from horizontal transport over the sea, followed by vertical transport. During the daytime, O3 and its precursors are transported to the Yellow Sea by westerly winds, leading to the accumulation of O3 near the sea and coastline. Consequently, under the influence of prevailing winds, the movement of O3 pollution belts from the sea to land causes rapid increases in near-surface O3 levels. Meanwhile, vertical transport can also contribute to NOE in coastal areas. The high-level O3 in the upper atmosphere generally originates from long-distance transport and turbulent transport of O3 produced near the ground during the daytime. At night, the absence of chemicals that consume O3 in the upper air and descending air flow carries O3 to the near-surface. The impacts of other O3-depletion processes (such as dry deposition) on NOE are less pronounced than those of transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xian 710054, China
| | - Xu Guan
- Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Anbao Gong
- Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Hailing Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Oceanic Meteorology, Tianjin 300074, China; Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Meigen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Wang K, Xie F, Sulaymon ID, Gong K, Li N, Li J, Hu J. Understanding the nocturnal ozone increase in Nanjing, China: Insights from observations and numerical simulations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160211. [PMID: 36410475 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) is mainly photochemically formed by nitrogen oxides (NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and therefore O3 usually has a distinct diurnal variation with high concentrations in the afternoon and low values at night. However, eight nocturnal O3 increase (NOI) events were identified in Nanjing in June 2021. To understand the mechanism of NOI events, we selected two events (June 6-7, and 24-25) for observational data analysis. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was employed for the process analysis (PA) and regional transport of O3. By analyzing the O3 observation data and meteorological factors, we found that there were clear southeastward O3 transport paths. The O3 peak clearly moved from the upwind to the downwind cities in both events. Model simulations showed that when nocturnal O3 enhancement occurred, horizontal transport resulted in a negative to positive net O3 production rate. O3 continued to get accumulated in Nanjing. Nocturnal O3 in the first event was dominated by long-range transport, with the top two contributing cities being Huzhou (5.6 %) and Jiaxing (4.7 %). NOI during the second event was from the nearby upwind cities. The top three contributing cities were Shanghai (18.3 %), Wuxi (9.1 %), and Suzhou (8.8 %). We conclude that the June NOI events in Nanjing were mainly driven by the horizontal transport of southeasterly winds. This study provides scientific support for O3 prevention and control in Nanjing in the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fangjian Xie
- Nanjing Municipal Academy of Ecological and Environment Protection Science, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ishaq Dimeji Sulaymon
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Kangjia Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Nan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Elvira S, González-Fernández I, Alonso R, Sanz J, Bermejo-Bermejo V. Ozone levels in the Spanish Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range are above the thresholds for plant protection: analysis at 2262, 1850, and 995 m a.s.l. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:593. [PMID: 27679512 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range, located at 60 km from Madrid City (Spain), includes high valuable ecosystems following an altitude gradient, some of them protected under the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park. The characteristic Mediterranean climatic conditions and the precursors emitted from Madrid favor a high photochemical production of ozone (O3) in the region. However, very little information is available about the patterns and levels of O3 and other air pollutants in the high elevation areas and their potential effects on vegetation. Ozone levels were monitored at three altitudes (2262, 1850, and 995 m a.s.l.) for at least 3 years within the 2005-2011 period. NO x and SO2 were also recorded at the highest and lowest altitude sites. Despite the inter-annual and seasonal variations detected in the O3 concentrations, the study revealed that SG is exposed to a chronic O3 pollution. The two high elevation sites showed high O3 levels even in winter and at nighttime, having low correlation with local meteorological variables. At the lower elevation site, O3 levels were more related with local meteorological and pollution conditions. Ozone concentrations at the three sites exceeded the thresholds for the protection of human health and vegetation according to the European Air Quality Directive (EU/50/2008) and the thresholds for vegetation protection of the CLRTAP. Ozone should be considered as a stress factor for the health of the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain ecosystems. Furthermore, since O3 levels at foothills differ from concentration in high elevation, monitoring stations in mountain ranges should be incorporated in regional air quality monitoring networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elvira
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - I González-Fernández
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Sanz
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Bermejo-Bermejo
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Kulkarni PS, Bortoli D, Silva AM, Reeves CE. Enhancements in nocturnal surface ozone at urban sites in the UK. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:20295-20305. [PMID: 26304813 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of diurnal patterns of surface ozone (O3) at multiple urban sites in the UK shows the occurrence of prominent nocturnal enhancements during the winter months (November-March). Whilst nocturnal surface ozone (NSO) enhancement events have been observed at other locations, this is the first time that such features have been demonstrated to occur in the UK and the second location globally. The observed NSO enhancement events in the UK were found to be so prevalent that they are clearly discernible in monthly diurnal cycles averaged over several years of data. Long-term (2000-2010) analysis of hourly surface ozone data from 18 urban background stations shows a bimodal diurnal variation during the winter months with a secondary nighttime peak around 0300 hours along with the primary daytime peak. For all but one site, the daily maxima NSO concentrations during the winter months exceeded 60 μg/m(3) on >20 % of the nights. The highest NSO value recorded was 118 μg/m(3). During the months of November, December, and January, the monthly averaged O3 concentrations observed at night (0300 h) even exceeded those observed in the daytime (1300 h). The analysis also shows that these NSO enhancements can last for several hours and were regional in scale, extending across several stations simultaneously. Interestingly, the urban sites in the north of the UK exhibited higher NSO than the sites in the south of the UK, despite their daily maxima being similar. In part, this seems to be related to the sites in the north typically having lower concentrations of nitrogen oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan S Kulkarni
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal.
| | - D Bortoli
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Institute for Atmospheric Science and Climate (ISAC-CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - A M Silva
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Department of Physics, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - C E Reeves
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Saitanis CJ, Lekkas DV, Agathokleous E, Flouri F. Screening agrochemicals as potential protectants of plants against ozone phytotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 197:247-255. [PMID: 25432168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We tested seven contemporary agrochemicals as potential plant protectants against ozone phytotoxicity. In nine experiments, Bel-W3 tobacco plants were experienced weekly exposures to a) 80 nmol mol(-1) of ozone-enriched or ozone-free air in controlled environment chambers, b) an urban air polluted area, and c) an agricultural-remote area. Ozone caused severe leaf injury, reduced chlorophylls' and total carotenoids' content, and negatively affected photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Penconazole, (35% ± 8) hexaconazole (28% ± 5) and kresoxim-methyl (28% ± 15) showed higher plants' protection (expressed as percentage; mean ± s.e.) against ozone, although the latter exhibited a high variability. Azoxystrobin (21% ± 15) showed lower protection efficacy and Benomyl (15% ± 9) even lower. Trifloxystrobin (7% ± 11) did not protect the plants at all. Acibenzolar-S-methyl + metalaxyl-M (Bion MX) (-6% ± 17) exhibited the higher variability and contrasting results: in some experiments it showed some protection while in others it intensified the ozone injury by causing phytotoxic symptoms on leaves, even in control plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas J Saitanis
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Votanikos 11855, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios V Lekkas
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Votanikos 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Votanikos 11855, Athens, Greece.
| | - Fotini Flouri
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Votanikos 11855, Athens, Greece.
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Saavedra S, Rodríguez A, Souto JA, Casares JJ, Bermúdez JL, Soto B. Trends of rural tropospheric ozone at the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:603034. [PMID: 22649298 PMCID: PMC3350947 DOI: 10.1100/2012/603034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone levels around urban and suburban areas at Europe and North America had increased during 80's–90's, until the application of NOx reduction strategies. However, as it was expected, this ozone depletion was not proportional to the emissions reduction. On the other hand, rural ozone levels show different trends, with peaks reduction and average increments; this different evolution could be explained by either emission changes or climate variability in a region. In this work, trends of tropospheric ozone episodes at rural sites in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula were analyzed and compared to others observed in different regions of the Atlantic European coast. Special interest was focused on the air quality sites characterization, in order to guarantee their rural character in terms of air quality. Both episodic local meteorological and air quality measurements along five years were considered, in order to study possible meteorological influences in ozone levels, different to other European Atlantic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saavedra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Adame JA, Lozano A, Bolívar JP, De la Morena BA, Contreras J, Godoy F. Behavior, distribution and variability of surface ozone at an arid region in the south of Iberian Peninsula (Seville, Spain). CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 70:841-9. [PMID: 17764716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve our knowledge of the surface ozone in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, annual, monthly, weekly and daily ozone concentrations have been closely monitored in the Seville metropolitan area highlighting those episodes that exceed the European Ozone Directive. A three-year period (2003-2005) and eight ozone stations were used; five of them located in the city's busiest areas and the rest in adjacent zones ( approximately 25km). In addition, the wind regime was also studied in order to understand the main characteristics of the surface atmospheric dynamics. The lowest ozone concentrations 17-33microgm(-3) took place in January while the highest 57-95microgm(-3) occurred in June. The ozone concentration week-weekend differences from May to September indicate that this phenomenon does not affect the ozone stations analysed. Daily cycles show minimum values between 7:00 and 8:00 UTC and maximum at noon, exceeding 90microgm(-3) during summer months. From March to October the ozone concentrations were above the target value for the protection of human health, especially during the summer months, with values up to 30% over the limit. The information threshold has been exceeded at all ozone stations studied but with greater frequency in the stations far from the city centre. In addition, at these latter stations the alert threshold was also exceeded on six occasions. This study in the city of Seville indicates that the high ozone levels are due to local atmospheric effects, mainly since the ozone air masses may undergo recirculation processes. The ozone is transported to the city from the S-SW, having a major impact in the NE areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Adame
- Sounding Atmospheric Station, El Arenosillo - Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Crta. Huelva Matalascañas, km 33, 21130 Mazagón, Huelva, Spain.
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Sánchez ML, García MA, Pérez IA, de Torre B. Ground laser remote sensing measurements of a Saharan dust outbreak in Central Spain. Influence on PM10 concentrations in the lower and upper Spanish plateaus. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:229-39. [PMID: 17207516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the hourly evolution of a severe Saharan dust outbreak, (SDO), affecting Central Spain over July 23-24, 2004 measured with a laser remote sensing device at a location close to the Guadarrama mountain range foothills and its impact on PM10 levels (particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 10 microm) recorded at four contrasting monitoring stations located in the upper and lower Spanish plateau, some 170km apart. During the period of study the Saharan dust layer, (SDL), presented significant hourly variability in height (3600-1500m), depth (1500-700m) and aerosol dust loading (extinction coefficient, EC, 0.22-1.28km(-1)). Overnight layering was generally observed whereas a well mixed layer prevailed in the afternoon. The (SDO) impact on the lower levels took place approximately 12h after the (SDL) was initially observed and triggered by a descending dust enriched, evidencing the important role of subsidence over the presence of dust in lower altitudes. During the event, PM10 levels at all the stations exceeded EU air quality daily mean standards, 50 microgm(-3), on 2-4days. The maximum values ranged from 185 to 245 microgm(-3) depending on the monitoring station. The impact on PM10 spread from 2days in the upper plateau to 3-4 in the lower plateau, in agreement with the geographical location of the monitoring stations with respect to the southwest origin of the intrusion. The impact was even more dramatic on PM10 hourly concentrations, leading to maximum hourly peaks ranging from 322 to 598 microgm(-3) again depending on the monitoring station. Correlations between EC vertical profiles and PM10 hourly concentrations at the monitoring stations showed the great influence of the (SDO) on surface concentrations. The best linear fits corresponded to the extinction coefficients in the lower altitudes (close to the lower range of the device 500-650m), EC2, yielding satisfactory correlation coefficients ranging from 0.68 to 0.71. The low variability of the slope of each individual linear fit, 19.2%, shows the similar impact of (SDO) on the PM10 hourly concentrations recorded in the area under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Sánchez
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain.
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