1
|
Tong Y, Berens MJ, Ulrich BA, Bolotin J, Strehlau JH, Hofstetter TB, Arnold WA. Exploring the Utility of Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis for Assessing Ferrous Iron-Mediated Reduction of RDX in the Subsurface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6752-6763. [PMID: 33900746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Subsurface contamination with the explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) at ordnance production and testing sites is a problem because of the persistence, mobility, and toxicity of RDX and the formation of toxic products under anoxic conditions. While the utility of compound-specific isotope analysis for inferring natural attenuation pathways from stable isotope ratios has been demonstrated, the stable isotope fractionation for RDX reduction by iron-bearing minerals remains unknown. Here, we evaluated N and C isotope fractionation of RDX during reduction by Fe(II) associated with Fe minerals and natural sediments and applied N isotope ratios to the assessment of mineral-catalyzed RDX reduction in a contaminant plume and in sediment columns treated by in situ chemical reduction. Laboratory studies revealed that RDX was reduced to nitroso compounds without denitration and the concomitant ring cleavage. Fe(II)/iron oxide mineral-catalyzed reactions exhibited N isotope enrichment factors, εN, between -6.3±0.3‰ and -8.2±0.2‰, corresponding to an apparent 15N kinetic isotope effect of 1.04-1.05. The observed variations of the δ15N of ∼15‰ in RDX from groundwater samples suggested an extent of reductive transformation of 85% at an ammunition plant. Conversely, we observed masking of N isotope fractionation after RDX reduction in laboratory flow-through systems, which was presumably due to limited accessibility to reactive Fe(II).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Tong
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0116, United States
| | - Matthew J Berens
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0116, United States
| | - Bridget A Ulrich
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jakov Bolotin
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer H Strehlau
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0116, United States
| | - Thomas B Hofstetter
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0116, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pan X. Determination of the N-Nitroso Compounds in Mouse Following RDX Exposure. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2326:315-325. [PMID: 34097279 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1514-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, commonly called RDX, is an important explosive, which is widely used in military and civic activities. As it is used, RDX is widely found in many locations and caused soil and water contamination. Many studies show that RDX is toxic to many organisms, including plants, animals, and microbes. RDX causes genetic toxicity and neurotoxicity as well as potential carcinogenesis. Even it is worse that RDX can be biotransformed into other N-nitroso derivatives, such as MNX, DNX, and TNX; these derivatives can be found in both naturally in RDX-contaminated soil and also in the animal GI tracks. To study the potential effect of RDX and its N-nitroso derivatives, this chapter presents a step-by-step method for detect RDX and its N-nitroso derivatives in animal stomach and GI tracts followed RDX exposure by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC/ECD). This method can also be used to detect RDX and its N-nitroso derivatives in other tissues and in other animals and plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Pan
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fuller ME, Koster van Groos PG, Jarrett M, Kucharzyk KH, Minard-Smith A, Heraty LJ, Sturchio NC. Application of a multiple lines of evidence approach to document natural attenuation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in groundwater. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126210. [PMID: 32109698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized innovative analyses to develop multiple lines of evidence for natural attenuation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in groundwater at the U.S. Department of Energy's Pantex Plant. RDX, as well as the degradation product 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal (NDAB; produced by aerobic biodegradation or alkaline hydrolysis) were detected in a large portion of the plume, with lower concentrations of the nitroso-containing metabolites produced during anaerobic biodegradation. 16S metagenomic sequencing detected the presence of bacteria known to aerobically degrade RDX (e.g., Gordonia, Rhodococcus) and NDAB (Methylobacterium), as well as the known anoxic RDX degrader Pseudomonas fluorescens I-C. Proteomic analysis detected both the aerobic RDX degradative enzyme XplA, and the anoxic RDX degradative enzyme XenB. Groundwater enrichment cultures supplied with low concentrations of labile carbon confirmed the potential of the extant groundwater community to aerobically degrade RDX and produce NDAB. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of RDX collected at the site showed fractionation of nitrogen isotopes with δ15N values ranging from approximately -5‰ to +9‰, providing additional evidence of RDX degradation. Taken together, these results provide evidence of in situ RDX degradation in the Pantex Plant groundwater. Furthermore, they demonstrate the benefit of multiple lines of evidence in supporting natural attenuation assessments, especially with the application of innovative isotopic and -omic technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Fuller
- Aptim Federal Services, Lawrenceville, NJ, 08648, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Raut SS, Adpa SK, Jambhale A, Abhyankar AC, Kulkarni PS. Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Magnetic BaFe12O19 Nanoplatelets than TiO2 with Emphasis on Reaction Kinetics, Mechanism, and Reusability. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh S. Raut
- Energy and Environment Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Pune 411 025, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar Adpa
- Magnetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Pune 411 025, India
| | - Amruta Jambhale
- Magnetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Pune 411 025, India
| | - Ashutosh C. Abhyankar
- Magnetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Pune 411 025, India
| | - Prashant S. Kulkarni
- Energy and Environment Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Pune 411 025, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang Y, Kuo DTF, Allen HE, Di Toro DM. Experimental determination of solvent-water partition coefficients and Abraham parameters for munition constituents. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:429-437. [PMID: 27448756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is concern about the environmental fate and effects of munition constituents (MCs). Polyparameter linear free energy relationships (pp-LFERs) that employ Abraham solute parameters can aid in evaluating the risk of MCs to the environment. However, poor predictions using pp-LFERs and ABSOLV estimated Abraham solute parameters are found for some key physico-chemical properties. In this work, the Abraham solute parameters are determined using experimental partition coefficients in various solvent-water systems. The compounds investigated include hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX), hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX), hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5- nitro-1,3,5-triazine (DNX), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), and 4-nitroanisole. The solvents in the solvent-water systems are hexane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, octanol, and toluene. The only available reported solvent-water partition coefficients are for octanol-water for some of the investigated compounds and they are in good agreement with the experimental measurements from this study. Solvent-water partition coefficients fitted using experimentally derived solute parameters from this study have significantly smaller root mean square errors (RMSE = 0.38) than predictions using ABSOLV estimated solute parameters (RMSE = 3.56) for the investigated compounds. Additionally, the predictions for various physico-chemical properties using the experimentally derived solute parameters agree with available literature reported values with prediction errors within 0.79 log units except for water solubility of RDX and HMX with errors of 1.48 and 2.16 log units respectively. However, predictions using ABSOLV estimated solute parameters have larger prediction errors of up to 7.68 log units. This large discrepancy is probably due to the missing R2NNO2 and R2NNO2 functional groups in the ABSOLV fragment database.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, 19716, DE, USA.
| | - Dave T F Kuo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, 19716, DE, USA; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong; City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Herbert E Allen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, 19716, DE, USA.
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, 19716, DE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cho KC, Lee DG, Fuller ME, Hatzinger PB, Condee CW, Chu KH. Application of (13)C and (15)N stable isotope probing to characterize RDX degrading microbial communities under different electron-accepting conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 297:42-51. [PMID: 25935409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study identified microorganisms capable of using the explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) or its metabolites as carbon and/or nitrogen sources under different electron-accepting conditions using (13)C and (15)N stable isotope probing (SIP). Mesocosms were constructed using groundwater and aquifer solids from an RDX-contaminated aquifer. The mesocosms received succinate as a carbon source and one of four electron acceptors (nitrate, manganese(IV), iron(III), or sulfate) or no additional electron acceptor (to stimulate methanogenesis). When RDX degradation was observed, subsamples from each mesocosm were removed and amended with (13)C3- or ring-(15)N3-, nitro-(15)N3-, or fully-labeled (15)N6-RDX, followed by additional incubation and isolation of labeled nucleic acids. A total of fifteen 16S rRNA sequences, clustering in α- and γ-Proteobacteria, Clostridia, and Actinobacteria, were detected in the (13)C-DNA fractions. A total of twenty seven sequences were derived from different (15)N-DNA fractions, with the sequences clustered in α- and γ-Proteobacteria, and Clostridia. Interestingly, sequences identified as Desulfosporosinus sp. (in the Clostridia) were not only observed to incorporate the labeled (13)C or (15)N from labeled RDX, but also were detected under each of the different electron-accepting conditions. The data suggest that (13)C- and (15)N-SIP can be used to characterize microbial communities involved in RDX biodegradation, and that the dominant pathway of RDX biodegradation may differ under different electron-accepting conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ching Cho
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
| | - Do Gyun Lee
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kung-Hui Chu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pan X, Ochoa KM, Francisco MJS, Cox SB, Dixon K, Anderson TA, Cobb GP. Absorption, distribution, and biotransformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine in B6C3F1 mice (Mus musculus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1295-1303. [PMID: 23423972 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Absorption, distribution, and biotransformation are 3 critical aspects affecting toxicant action in animals. In the present study, B6C3F1 mice (Mus musculus) were exposed for 28 d to contaminated feed that contained 1 of 5 different hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) concentrations: 0 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg. The authors quantified RDX and its reductive transformation products hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX), hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine (DNX), and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) in the stomach, intestine, plasma, liver, and brain of these mice. Average RDX concentrations followed a dose-dependent pattern for all matrices tested. No controls had concentrations above limits of detection. Average RDX concentrations in tissues of exposed mice ranged from 11.1 ng/mL to 182 ng/mL, 25.6 ng/g to 3319 ng/g, 123 ng/g to 233 ng/g, 144 ng/g to 35 900 ng/g, and 51.1 ng/g to 2697 ng/g in the plasma, brain, liver, stomach, and intestine, respectively. A considerable amount of RDX was present in the brain, especially in the highest-exposure group. This is consistent with the widely observed central nervous system effects caused by γ-aminobutyric acid inhibition associated with RDX exposure. N-nitroso metabolites of RDX were also present in tested tissues in a dose-dependent pattern. Average MNX concentrations in the stomachs of mice exposed to RDX ranged from nondetectable in control exposures to 490 ng/g in the highest-exposure groups. In the brain, MNX accumulated at a maximum average concentration of 165.1 ng/g, suggesting the potential formation of MNX from RDX within the brain. At higher exposures, DNX and TNX were present in the stomach, plasma, and brain of mice. The presence of RDX metabolites at notable amounts in different tissues suggests that RDX can transform into its N-nitroso metabolites in vivo by an undefined mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Pan
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Toxicological evaluation for bioremediation processes of TNT-contaminated soil by Salmonella mutagenicity assay. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-011-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
9
|
Perreault NN, Crocker FH, Indest KJ, Hawari J. Involvement of cytochrome c CymA in the anaerobic metabolism of RDX by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:124-31. [DOI: 10.1139/w11-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy N. Perreault
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Fiona H. Crocker
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Karl J. Indest
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Jalal Hawari
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bernstein A, Ronen Z. Biodegradation of the Explosives TNT, RDX and HMX. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23789-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
11
|
|
12
|
Karnjanapiboonwong A, Zhang B, Freitag CM, Dobrovolny M, Salice CJ, Smith PN, Kendall RJ, Anderson TA. Reproductive toxicity of nitroaromatics to the cricket, Acheta domesticus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:5046-5049. [PMID: 19552943 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and its metabolites, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2A-DNT), and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4A-DNT) on cricket (Acheta domesticus) reproduction was evaluated. We previously used crickets to assess the toxicity of a nitramine explosive (RDX) and its metabolites. It is common to find that while much information on the environmental impact of the parent compound is available in the literature, such is often not the case for the degradation metabolites of the parent compound. In some instances, these metabolites are as toxic (or more so) as the parent compound and we hypothesized that this might be the case for TNT. The presence of TNT and its metabolites in sand (10 microg/g) did not adversely affect cricket egg production, but adversely affected hatching of cricket eggs as compared to controls. However, there were no differences in hatching success among TNT and metabolite treatment groups. Hatching success of cricket eggs in soil or following topical exposure decreased as concentrations of TNT and its metabolites increased. The relative toxicity of TNT and its metabolites in soil generally followed the trend of TNT<2A-DNT<4A-DNT<2,4-DNT. In addition, toxicity appeared to be higher in sand than in sandy loam soil or in the topical exposure test. After 45 days of exposure in sandy loam soil, the EC(20) (20% effect concentration), EC(50) (50% effect concentration), and EC(95) (95% effect concentration) were 14, 116, and 10,837 microg/g for TNT: 1.7, 32, and 16,711 microg/g for 2A-DNT: 1.9, 9, and 296 microg/g for 4A-DNT: and 0.4, 5.7, and 1437 microg/g for 2,4-DNT. Overall, results suggest that parent TNT and metabolites are toxic to cricket eggs at relatively high concentrations and these toxic effects are manifested as a decrease in hatching success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adcharee Karnjanapiboonwong
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang B, Pan X, Cobb GP, Anderson TA. Uptake, bioaccumulation, and biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and its reduced metabolites (MNX and TNX) by the earthworm (Eisenia fetida). CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:76-82. [PMID: 19278715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and accumulation kinetics of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and its two major N-nitroso metabolites, hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX), in earthworms was investigated. Results indicated that RDX and its N-nitroso metabolites were rapidly absorbed into earthworms (Eisenia fetida), reaching the highest concentrations within a few days. Accumulation of RDX was greater than its N-nitroso metabolites, as evidenced by a higher bioconcentration factor (BCF); BCFs were 1.86, 0.39, and 0.05 for RDX, MNX, and TNX, respectively. RDX and its N-nitroso metabolites were also rapidly eliminated from the earthworm and/or transformed to other metabolites, as evidenced by the rapid decrease of test compounds in earthworms after reaching their highest concentrations. The uptake of MNX and TNX increased as exposure concentration increased. Although these earthworms might (anaerobically) degrade RDX to MNX and MNX to TNX, it is hypothesized that this process would be slow. Other biotransformation pathways may be involved in biodegradation of RDX and its N-nitroso metabolites due to the fact that concentrations of tested compounds decreased in both soil and earthworms. It is hoped that these data can be used to refine environmental management strategies for RDX and for performing specific risk assessments of RDX and its N-nitroso metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang B, Cox SB, McMurry ST, Jackson WA, Cobb GP, Anderson TA. Effect of two major N-nitroso hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) metabolites on earthworm reproductive success. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 153:658-667. [PMID: 17945405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Soil and topical tests were employed to investigate the effect of two N-nitroso metabolites of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) on earthworm reproduction. The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) for cocoon production and hatching was 50mg/kg for both hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) in soil. MNX and TNX also significantly affected cocoon hatching in soil (p<0.001) and in topical tests (p=0.001). The LOECs for cocoon hatching were 1 and 10mg/kg for MNX and TNX in soil, respectively, and 10mg/L in the topical test. Greater than 100mg/kg MNX and TNX completely inhibited cocoon hatching. In soil, the EC20 values for MNX were 8.7 and 8.8mg/kg for cocoon and juvenile production, respectively, compared to 9.2 and 9.1mg/kg for TNX, respectively. The EC20 values for the total number of cocoon hatchlings were 3.1 and 4.7mg/kg for MNX and TNX, respectively, in soil and 4.5 and 3.1mg/L in the topical test. Both MNX and TNX inhibited cocoon production and hatching, suggesting that they may have a negative affect on soil ecosystems at contaminated sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Zhang
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang B, Freitag CM, Cañas JE, Cheng Q, Anderson TA. Effects of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) metabolites on cricket (Acheta domesticus) survival and reproductive success. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 144:540-4. [PMID: 16524652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of two major hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) metabolites, hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX), on cricket (Acheta domesticus) survival and reproduction was studied. RDX metabolites did not have adverse effects on cricket survival, growth, and egg production. However, MNX and TNX did affect egg hatching. MNX and TNX were more toxic in spiked-sand than in topical tests. TNX was more toxic to egg than MNX. Developmental stage and exposure time affected hatching. After 30 days exposure to MNX or TNX, the EC20, EC50, and EC95 were 47, 128, and 247 microg/g for TNX, and 65, 140, and 253 microg/g for MNX in topical tests. The ECs for 20, 50, and 95 were 21, 52, and 99 microg/g for MNX, and 12, 48, and 97 microg/g for TNX in sand. No gross abnormalities in cricket nypmhs were observed in all experiments indicating that neither TNX or MNX is teratogenic in this assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Zhang
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), and Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pan X, Zhang B, Tian K, Jones LE, Liu J, Anderson TA, Wang JS, Cobb GP. Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2222-6. [PMID: 16791873 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for the analysis of the explosive, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). In negative ionization mode, HMX forms an acetate adduct ion [M + CH(3)COO](-), m/z 355, in the presence of a small amount of acetic acid in the mobile phase. The ESI collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectrum of m/z 355 was acquired and the transitions m/z 355 --> 147 and m/z 355 --> 174 were chosen for the determination of HMX in samples. Using this quantification technique, the method detection limit was 1.57 microg/L and good linearity was achieved in the range 5-500 microg/L. This method will help to unambiguously analyze environmentally relevant concentrations of HMX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Pan
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), and Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|