Detection of technetium-99 in Ascophyllum nodosum from around the Welsh coast

Effects of complex hydrodynamic processes on the horizontal and vertical distribution of Tc-99 in the Irish Sea

The increased discharge of Tc-99 from the Sellafield plant following the commissioning of the Enhance Actinide Removal Plant in 1994 was reflected in higher Tc-99 activity concentrations over much of the Irish Sea. The presence of this radionuclide in the marine environment is of concern not only because of its long half life but also high bio-concentration factor in commercially valuable species, such Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) and common lobster (Homarus gammarus). Accurate predictions of the transport, and spatial and temporal distributions of Tc-99 in the Irish Sea have important environmental and commercial implications. In this study, transport of the Tc-99 material was simulated in order to develop an increased understanding of long-term horizontal and vertical distributions. In particular, impact of seasonal hydrodynamic features such as the summer stratification on the surface-to-bottom Tc-99 ratio was of interest. Also, material retention mechanisms within the western Irish Sea were explored and flushing rates under various release conditions and meteorological forcing were estimated. The results show that highest vertical gradients are observed between June and July in the deepest regions of the North Channel and the western Irish Sea where radionuclide-rich saline-poor water overlays radionuclide-poor saline-rich Atlantic water masses. Strong correlation between top-to-bottom ratio of Tc-99 and strength of stratification was found. Flushing studies demonstrate that as the stratification intensifies, residence times within the western Irish Sea increase. In stratified waters of the gyre Tc-99 material is flushed out from the upper layer much quicker than from the bottom zone. The research also shows that in the gyre the biologically active upper layers above the thermocline are likely to contain higher concentrations than the near-bed region. Long-term horizontal and vertical distributions as determined in this study provide a basis for assessment of a potential biota exposure to Tc-99.

Technetium-99 ((99)Tc) in annual growth segments of knotted wrack (Ascophyllum nodosum)

The distribution of technetium-99 ((99)Tc) in annual growth segments of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from the southwestern coast of Norway is examined in samples collected from January to November 2006. A twenty-fold increase in the (99)Tc-concentration from the youngest to the oldest growth segments was found. The concentrations ranged from 42 to 98Bq/kg dry weight (d.w.) and from 964 to 1000Bq/kg d.w. in growth segments formed in 2006 and 1996, respectively. In addition, a seasonal variation in the (99)Tc concentration was observed in the actively growing 2006-segments: concentrations decreased from 98Bq/kg d.w. in April to 54Bq/kg d.w. in June; there was a further reduction from June to August (42Bq/kg d.w.); and, finally there was an increase from August to November (93Bq/kg d.w.). In most of the segments formed between 2000 and 2005, there was a tendency of slightly decreasing (99)Tc-concentrations between June and November but this pattern was not observed for the older growth segments. In order to find an explanation for the non-homogenous distribution of (99)Tc within thalli of A. nodosum, different hypotheses are discussed. Uptake and elimination of (99)Tc appears to be most pronounced in the actively growing segments. To date, such non-homogenous distribution of (99)Tc within thalli of A. nodosum has not been taken into consideration, neither in connection with sample collection nor analysis. This paper shows that special protocols must be followed if A. nodosum is going to be used as a bioindicator for (99)Tc in the marine environment. A sampling strategy is proposed.