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Zhang ZF, Chen JC, Zhao YX, Wang L, Teng YQ, Cai MH, Zhao YH, Nikolaev A, Li YF. Determination of 123 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in atmospheric samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134025. [PMID: 35218781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of toxic organic pollutants. Until now, they have been detected in many regions and various environmental matrix. However, not all PAHs are usually detected by researchers, and no methods is established to analyze systematically hundreds of PAHs. In this study, 123 PAHs were identified and quantified using gas chromatography-tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), which were divided into 3 groups: 32 regular PAHs (R-PAHs), 50 methyl-PAHs (Me-PAHs), 30 Nitro-PAHs (N-PAHs) and 11 hydroxyl-PAHs (OH-PAHs). The developed method was applied to detect the target PAHs in 6 marine gaseous samples and 6 particulate samples collected on board the research vessel Snow Dragon. Limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were determined from 0.009 to 2.50 and 0.03-8.33 pg/m3, respectively. Recoveries of the internal standards in atmosphere were from 88% to 112%, 70%-104%, and 72%-102% for R-PAHs、Me-PAHs、N-PAHs and OH-PAHs, respectively, which showed the reliability of the experimental method. The total concentrations of 123 PAHs in marine air and particle samples were from 1532 to 7877 and 206-1022 pg/m3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Jia-Cheng Chen
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ya-Xian Zhao
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials, Environmental Development Centre of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yu-Qian Teng
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ming-Hong Cai
- SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Hui Zhao
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials, Environmental Development Centre of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, China
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
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Świsłowski P, Nowak A, Wacławek S, Ziembik Z, Rajfur M. Is Active Moss Biomonitoring Comparable to Air Filter Standard Sampling? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084706. [PMID: 35457569 PMCID: PMC9024558 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, significant attention has been paid to air quality awareness and its impact on human health, especially in urban agglomerations. Many types of dust samplers for air quality monitoring are used by governmental environmental monitoring agencies. However, these techniques are associated with high costs; as a consequence, biological methods such as active moss biomonitoring are being developed. The main disadvantages of such techniques are the lack of standardization of the preparation procedures and the lack of reliable comparisons of results with data from instrumental analyses. Our study aimed to compare the results obtained from active biomonitoring with the use of three moss species: Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum fallax and Dicranum polysetum. Samples were exposed via the moss-bag technique to measure the concentrations of analytes (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb) which had accumulated among the total suspended particulates (TSP) collected from the filters of a dust collector in the city of Opole (Opole voivodeship, Poland). With regard to the physicochemical and biological traits of the mosses, their assessed lifetime and actual photochemical efficiency (yield) following exposure were meagre, which may have been related to the change of environment and their exposure to pollutants. When comparing the results obtained by the two methods used to monitor air pollution, the biomonitoring method was found to be incompletely consistent with the reference method. Biological monitoring using mosses must be carefully considered depending on the monitoring objectives, the required level of sensitivity and quality of measurement and the type of pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Świsłowski
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska St. 48, 45-022 Opole, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Arkadiusz Nowak
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska St. 48, 45-022 Opole, Poland;
- Botanical Garden—Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Prawdziwka St. 2, 02-973 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská St. 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic;
| | - Zbigniew Ziembik
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, B. Kominka St. 6a, 45-032 Opole, Poland; (Z.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Małgorzata Rajfur
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, B. Kominka St. 6a, 45-032 Opole, Poland; (Z.Z.); (M.R.)
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3
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Wemer L, Hegemann A, Isaksson C, Nebel C, Kleindorfer S, Gamauf A, Adrion M, Sumasgutner P. Reduced ectoparasite load, body mass and blood haemolysis in Eurasian kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) along an urban-rural gradient. Naturwissenschaften 2021; 108:42. [PMID: 34491450 PMCID: PMC8423637 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Urbanisation is proceeding at an alarming rate which forces wildlife to either retreat from urban areas or cope with novel stressors linked to human presence and activities. For example, urban stressors like anthropogenic noise, artificial light at night and chemical pollution can have severe impacts on the physiology of wildlife (and humans), in particular the immune system and antioxidant defences. These physiological systems are important to combat and reduce the severity of parasitic infections, which are common among wild animals. One question that then arises is whether urban-dwelling animals, whose immune and antioxidant system are already challenged by the urban stressors, are more susceptible to parasitic infections. To assess this, we studied nestlings of Eurasian kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) in Vienna, Austria, during 2015 and 2017. We measured biomarkers of innate immune function, oxidative stress and body mass index and ectoparasite infection intensity in 143 nestlings (from 56 nests) along an urban gradient. Nestlings in more urbanised areas had overall fewer ectoparasites, lower haemolysis (complement activity) and lower body mass index compared to nestlings in less urbanised areas. None of the other immune or oxidative stress markers were associated with the urban gradient. Despite some non-significant results, our data still suggest that kestrel nestlings experience some level of reduced physiological health, perhaps as a consequence of exposure to more urban stressors or altered prey availability in inner-city districts even though they had an overall lower ectoparasite burden in these heavily urbanised areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wemer
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arne Hegemann
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Carina Nebel
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sonia Kleindorfer
- Konrad Lorenz Research Centre, Core Facility for Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Behavioral & Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5001, Australia
| | | | - Marius Adrion
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,NABU E.V, Head office, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Sumasgutner
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Konrad Lorenz Research Centre, Core Facility for Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Behavioral & Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Zhang L, Wu P, Zhou H, Hu Z, Zhang N, Wang L, Zhao Y. Determination of 15 + 1 European Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smoked Meat Products by Saponification/Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:298-307. [PMID: 34169320 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of 15 + 1 European priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (EUPAHs) in smoked meat samples by saponification/solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been developed. Both saponification and solid-phase extraction conditions were optimized, which lead to shorter sample preparation time and excellent sensitivity and selectivity. The optimal saponification condition for the lipid extract of 5.00 g smoked food sample was 5 mL KOH (1.5 mol/L)-ethanol at 70°C for 5 min, and the shorter alkaline treatment time avoided the loss of volatile EUPAHs such as Benzo[c]fluorene. All the EUPAHs showed good linearity in the range between 5.0 and 50.0 ng/mL with correlation coefficients between 0.997 and 1.00. The estimated LODs for the EUPAHs were 0.15-0.30 μg/kg, while the LOQs were 0.50-1.0 μg/kg. The three spiking levels of EUPAHs were 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 μg/kg, and the average recovery was between 75.2 and 99.6%, while the RSD were 2.3-12.4%. This sensitive and rapid method was successfully applied to smoked meat samples from Zhejiang Province of China, and the results revealed the presence of 13 EUPAHs. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was found in 19 out of 20 samples, with concentration ranging from 0.51 to 4.57 μg/kg. The sum of concentrations of PAH4 (summation of benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene) were 2.40-53.56 μg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310021, P. R. China
| | - Pinggu Wu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyan Hu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Nianhua Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, P. R. China
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5
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Kronik OM, Prothmann J, Troché G, Svensmark B, Nielsen NJ, Christensen JH. A study of the spatial distribution patterns of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) in Ilulissat, Greenland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:23133-23142. [PMID: 33442805 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are produced by anthropogenic activities, such as traffic and domestic heating. Due to their adverse effects to humans and natural habitats, the presence of PAHs in the environment needs to be monitored. Plants are known as natural accumulators of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and can therefore be used for the monitoring of PAHs emitted into the environment. Contamination by PAHs also occurs in the Arctic such as Greenland due to long-range transport through air. However, as anthropogenic activities in the Arctic are increasing, there is a need to investigate the distribution of PAHs due to local emission sources. In this study, we present a systematic sampling approach to identify the influence of PAH sources in an area next to the town of Ilulissat in Greenland. Composite crowberry samples have been collected north of Ilulissat, where the town itself, an incineration site and Ilulissat airport are possible emission sources for PAHs. Matrix solid-phase extraction was used for the extraction of PAHs and the chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS). In total, 18 out of 19 investigated PAHs could be detected in Empetrum nigrum in a concentration range of 0.69 to 93.01 μg/kgdry weight. Higher concentrations for most of the targeted PAHs were found close to the suspected emission sources and also along the road connecting them. For pyrene, the correlation between the concentration and the distance from the emission sources could be modelled and visualized using a two-dimensional exponential variogram and ordinary kriging. The range in which the samples were spatially correlated was approximately 500 m. Our results show that local emission sources contribute to the spatial distribution patterns of PAHs. Monitoring of pollution by airborne PAHs is therefore needed even in areas far from major pollution sources such as Ilulissat, Greenland. E. nigrum showed to be a feasible species for biomonitoring of PAHs due to its large abundance in the sampling area and its widespread availability in the Artic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Munk Kronik
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Prothmann
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gaudry Troché
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bo Svensmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nikoline Juul Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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6
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Martinez-Swatson K, Mihály E, Lange C, Ernst M, Dela Cruz M, Price MJ, Mikkelsen TN, Christensen JH, Lundholm N, Rønsted N. Biomonitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Deposition in Greenland Using Historical Moss Herbarium Specimens Shows a Decrease in Pollution During the 20 th Century. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1085. [PMID: 32760420 PMCID: PMC7373755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although most point sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are at lower latitudes, the Arctic region is contaminated. In particular, PAHs now dominate the POP body burden of the region's marine biota at the lower trophic levels. Greenlandic Inuits have the most elevated levels of POPs in their blood compared to any other population, due to their consumption of seal meat and other marine mammals. PAHs, the by-products of the incomplete combustion of petroleum products, are known carcinogens and have been shown to affect the immune system, reproduction, endocrine functions, and the nervous system. With industrial activities and climate change set to increase local PAH emissions, it is paramount to document changes in atmospheric PAH deposition to further investigate PAH exposure in the region and attribute contaminations to their sources. As a measure of atmospheric pollution, we sampled bryophyte herbarium specimens of three common and widespread species collected in Greenland between the 1920s and 1970s after which time new collections were not available. They were analyzed for 19 PAHs using GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry). The presence of more low-molecular-weight PAHs than high-molecular-weight PAHs is evidence that the PAH contamination in Greenland is due to long-range transport rather than originating from local sources. The results show peaks in PAH atmospheric deposition in the first part of the 19th century followed by a trend of decrease, which mirror global trends in atmospheric pollution known from those periods. PAHs associated with wood and fossil-fuel combustion decrease in the 1970s coinciding with the disappearance of charcoal pits and foundries in Europe and North America, and a shift away from domestic heating with wood during the 19th century. The results highlight the value of bryophytes as bioindicators to measure PAH atmospheric pollution as well as the unrealized potential of herbaria as historical records of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Martinez-Swatson
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eszter Mihály
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Lange
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Madeleine Ernst
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Newborn Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Majbrit Dela Cruz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michelle J. Price
- Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan H. Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Science and Conservation, National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI, United States
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Mukhopadhyay S, Dutta R, Das P. A critical review on plant biomonitors for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air through solvent extraction techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126441. [PMID: 32443242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hydrocarbons having two or more fused aromatic rings, released from natural (like forest fires and volcanic eruption) as well as man-made sources (like burning of fossil fuel & wood, automobile emission). They are persistent priority pollutants and continue to last for a long time in the environment causing severe damage to human health owing to their genotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. The study of PAHs in environment has therefore aroused a global concern. PAHs adsorption to plant cell wall is facilitated by transpiration and plant root lipids which help PAHs transfer from roots to leaves and stalks, causing more accumulation of contaminants with the increase in lipid content. Hence, these bioaccumulators can be utilized as biomonitors for indirect assessment of ambient air pollution. Efficacy of specific plants, lichens and mosses as useful biomonitors of airborne PAHs pollution has been discussed in this review along with prevalent classical and modified extraction techniques coupled with proper analytical procedures in order to gain an insight into the assessment of atmospheric PAHs concentrations. Different modern and modified solvent extraction techniques along with conventional Soxhlet method are identified for extraction of PAHs from accumulative bioindicators and analytical methods are also developed for accurate determination of PAHs. Process parameters like choice of solvent, temperature, time of extraction, pressure and matrix characteristics are usually checked. An approach of biomonitoring of PAHs using plants, lichens and mosses has been discussed here as they usually trap the atmospheric PAHs and mineralize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shritama Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Ratna Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Papita Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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8
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Jiang Y, Zhang X, Hu R, Zhao J, Fan M, Shaaban M, Wu Y. Urban Atmospheric Environment Quality Assessment by Naturally Growing Bryophytes in Central China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4537. [PMID: 32599729 PMCID: PMC7344691 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bryophytes are popular biomonitoring plants for atmospheric environments. The objectives of this study were to examine the characteristics of bryophyte communities, determine a suitable monitor species, and assess urban atmospheric environment quality by the joint use of bryophyte features and chemical properties in a large city in China. A pleurocarpous feather moss Haplocladium angustifolium was recognized as a good biomonitor of atmospheric deposition in central China by investigating bryophyte communities and habitat environment in various ecological function regions of the urban areas in Wuhan. The concentrations of trace elements, including As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, Pb, and Zn, in moss and soil samples from 25 sampling sites were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in Haplocladium angustifolium collected from the entire study area were much higher than those in substrate soil. Cd was at the highest ecological risk level among the 10 elements, which contributed 34.5% to the potential ecological risk index (RI). An RI value of 392.8 indicated that urban atmospheric quality in Wuhan was in a considerable potential ecological risk. The index of atmospheric purity, regarding species richness, cover, and frequency of bryophytes, was spatially and negatively correlated with RI, also demonstrated the atmospheric quality. Effective measures should be considered to alleviate certain airborne trace element contamination and protect the environment and human health in this metropolis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.J.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Xifeng Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Ronggui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.J.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Jinsong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.J.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Miao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.J.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Muhammad Shaaban
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60080, Pakistan;
| | - Yupeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.J.); (R.H.); (J.Z.); (M.F.)
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9
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Cindoruk SS, Sakin AE, Tasdemir Y. Levels of persistent organic pollutants in pine tree components and ambient air. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113418. [PMID: 31732286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pine needles are employed as alternative biomonitoring agents in atmospheric studies. In this study, pine (Pinus Pinea) components (needles and branches) and air samples were collected simultaneously to monitor polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from Gemlik, Turkey between January and December 2016. The relationship between ambient air and pine needles were examined to enlighten the usability of pine components as passive samplers for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Marmara region. Average ∑14PAH concentrations for the ambient air, pine needles, and pine branches were 23.1 ± 18.3 ng/m3, 626 ± 306 ng/g DW and 548 ± 261 ng/g DW respectively. PCB concentrations were 118 ± 74 pg/m3, 7.5 ± 2.1 ng/g DW and 6.8 ± 2.9 ng/g DW and ∑10 OCP concentrations were 122 ± 89 ng/m3,1.3 ± 1.5 ng/g DW and 10.0 ± 3.8 ng/g DW in the same order. Levels of PAHs and PCBs were higher in needles than branches. PAH, PCB and OCP concentrations in pine components tended to decrease with increasing temperatures in spring. PAH compounds with medium and light molecular weighted ones were found to be dominant. On the other hand, the predominant PCB components were the medium-weighted congeners while γ-HCH, Heptachlor endo. Epox. Iso A, endrin aldehyde, and methoxychlor were the dominant OCP species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sıddık Cindoruk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey.
| | - A Egemen Sakin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey.
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10
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Spinedi N, Rojas N, Storb R, Cabrera J, Aranda E, Salierno M, Svriz M, Scervino JM. Exploring the response of Marchantia polymorpha: Growth, morphology and chlorophyll content in the presence of anthracene. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:570-574. [PMID: 30429053 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified as hazardous contaminants that are ubiquitous and persistent in aquatic environments, where bryophytes sensu lato (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) are frequently present. Marchantia polymorpha (Class Hepaticae; thalloid liverwort) is known to respond fast to changes in the environment; it accumulates toxic substances in its tissues due to the lack of vascular and radicular systems and a reduced or absent cuticle. The objective of the present study was to quantify the effects of increasing concentrations of anthracene (0, 50 100, 280 μM) on the germination of propagules, plant morphology and chlorophyll content index (CCI) in M. polymorpha under in vitro cultures. The results show that anthracene had no statistical effect on germination or propagula formation. However, plants exposed to anthracene for 30 days showed significantly lowered the content of chlorophyll (measured as CCI), irregular growth patterns and the induction of thalli asexual reproduction as evidenced by the production of multicellular viable propagules in gemmae cups. Results of epifluorescence microscopy also showed concomitant accumulation of anthracene in the cell walls. All of these distinctive morphological and physiological adaptive responses indicators, clearly suggest that M. polymorpha are capable of resisting high (coal tar) anthracene concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Spinedi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCo, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Nadia Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCo, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Romina Storb
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCo, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Juan Cabrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCo, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Elisabet Aranda
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Ramón y Cajal, Fray Luís 4, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Marcelo Salierno
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCo, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Maya Svriz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD), Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - José Martín Scervino
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCo, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina.
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11
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Oishi Y. Comparison of moss and pine needles as bioindicators of transboundary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in central Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:330-338. [PMID: 29190541 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has become a serious problem, especially in Asia, as PAHs can severely affect ecologically important mountainous areas. Using pine needles and mosses as bio-indicators, this study examined PAH pollution in a mountainous study area and evaluated the influence of transboundary PAHs. PAHs in urban areas were also evaluated for comparison. The study sites were alpine areas and urban areas (inland or coastal cities) across central Japan, in the easternmost part of Asia where atmospheric pollutants are transported from mainland Asia. The mean PAH concentrations of pine needles and mosses were 198.9 ± 184.2 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and 131.8 ± 60.7 ng g-1 dw (mean ± SD), respectively. Pine needles preferentially accumulated PAHs with low molecular weights (LMW PAHs) and exhibited large differences in both PAH concentration and isomer ratios between alpine and urban sites. These differences can be explained by the strong influence of LMW PAHs emitted from domestic sources, which decreased and changed during transport from urban to alpine sites due to dry/wet deposition and photodegradation. In contrast, mosses accumulated a higher ratio of PAHs with high molecular weight (HMW PAHs). A comparison of isomer ratios showed that the PAH source for alpine moss was similar to that for northern coastal cities, which are typically influenced by long-transported PAHs from East Asia. Thus, these results indicate that alpine moss can also be strongly affected by the transboundary PAHs. It is likely that the uptake characteristics of moss, alpine climate, and alpine locations far from urban areas can strengthen the influence of transboundary pollution. Based on these results, the limitations and most effective use of bioindicators of PAH pollution for preserving alpine ecosystems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Oishi
- Center for Arts and Sciences, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan.
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12
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Berisha S, Skudnik M, Vilhar U, Sabovljević M, Zavadlav S, Jeran Z. Trace elements and nitrogen content in naturally growing moss Hypnum cupressiforme in urban and peri-urban forests of the Municipality of Ljubljana (Slovenia). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4517-4527. [PMID: 27943157 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We monitored trace metals and nitrogen using naturally growing moss Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. in urban and peri-urban forests of the City Municipality of Ljubljana. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in atmospheric deposition of trace metals and nitrogen between urban and peri-urban forests. Samples were collected at a total of 44 sites in urban forests (forests within the motorway ring road) and peri-urban forests (forests outside the motorway ring road). Mosses collected in urban forests showed increased trace metal concentrations compared to samples collected from peri-urban forests. Higher values were significant for As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl and V. Within the motorway ring road, the notable differences in element concentrations between the two urban forests were significant for Cr, Ni and Mo. Factor analysis showed three groups of elements, highlighting the contribution of traffic emissions, individual heating appliances and the resuspension of contaminated soils and dust as the main sources of trace elements in urban forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Berisha
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Skudnik
- Department of Forest and Landscape Planning and Monitoring, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - U Vilhar
- Department of Forest Ecology, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Sabovljević
- Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - S Zavadlav
- Department of Forest Yield and Silviculture and Department of Forest Physiology and Genetics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Z Jeran
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Development of an analytical method to determine oxy-PAHs and PAHs in Taxus baccata leaves. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:335-347. [PMID: 27783122 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed and optimized for the quantification of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 12 oxygenated PAHs in Taxus baccata leaves. Emphasis was given to the development of an in-cell cleanup step using pressurized solvent extraction, a cleanup step using solid-phase extraction, and the instrumental analysis by GC-HRMS. Different extraction temperatures (between 50 and 200 °C) and Florisil quantities were evaluated for the extraction process. Based on the evaluation of both recoveries and matrix effect factors, a temperature of 200 °C and 1 g Florisil was selected as the optimum. However, the in-cell cleanup was not sufficient in the long term due to increasing chromatographic peak broadening, and further cleanup was necessary. Solid-phase extraction (using Florisil) was evaluated, and breakthrough curves were acquired for all target compounds to determine the optimal elution volume and avoiding matrix interference. Recoveries of the target compounds ranged from 58 to 87 % for the PAHs and from 5 to 105 % for the oxy-PAHs. Matrix effects were determined for all individual target compounds. The optimized method was applied to T. baccata samples obtained from ten sampling locations in Ghent, Belgium. This is the first biomonitoring study in Ghent for PAHs and oxy-PAHs. The presence of significant amounts of toxicologically relevant oxygenated PAHs (Oxy-PAHs) (can enhance ROS formation in human lung cells) in T. baccata was confirmed (max ∑Oxy-PAHs: 230 ng/g; max ∑PAHs: 389 ng/g). This means that these oxygenated PAHs are important pollutants and should be included in future monitoring studies.
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14
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Degtjarenko P, Marmor L, Randlane T. Changes in bryophyte and lichen communities on Scots pines along an alkaline dust pollution gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:17413-17425. [PMID: 27230146 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dust pollution can cause a significant damage of environment and endanger human health. Our study aimed to investigate epiphytic lichens and bryophytes in relation to long-term alkaline dust pollution and provide new insights into the bioindicators of dust pollution. We measured the bark pH of Scots pines and the species richness and cover of two cryptogam groups in 32 sample plots in the vicinity of limestone quarries (up to ca. 3 km) in northern Estonia. The bark pH decreased gradually with increasing distance from quarries. We recorded the changes in natural epiphytic communities, resulting in diversified artificial communities on pines near the pollution source; the distance over 2 km from the quarries was sufficient to re-establish the normal acidity of the bark and natural communities of both lichens and bryophytes. The cover of lichens and the number of bryophytes are a more promising indicator of environmental conditions than individual species occurrence. We confirmed previously proposed and suggested new bioindicator species of dust pollution (e.g., Lecidella elaeochroma, Opegrapha varia, Schistidium apocarpum). Limestone quarrying activity revealed a "parapositive" impact on cryptogamic communities, meaning that quarrying might, besides disturbances of natural communities, temporarily contribute to the distribution of locally rare species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Degtjarenko
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Liis Marmor
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiina Randlane
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
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15
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Rai PK. Impacts of particulate matter pollution on plants: Implications for environmental biomonitoring. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 129:120-36. [PMID: 27011112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the serious problems world is facing in recent Anthropocene era of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Specifically particulate matter (PM) pollution represents a threat to both the environment and human health. The changed ambient environment due to the PM pollutant in urban areas has exerted a profound influence on the morphological, biochemical and physiological status of plants and its responses. Taking into account the characteristics of the vegetation (wide distribution, greater contact area etc.) it turns out to be an effective indicator of the overall impact of PM pollution and harmful effects of PM pollution on vegetation have been reviewed in the present paper, covering an extensive span of 1960 to March 2016. The present review critically describes the impact of PM pollution and its constituents (e.g. heavy metals and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons) on the morphological attributes such as leaf area, leaf number, stomata structure, flowering, growth and reproduction as well as biochemical parameters such as pigment content, enzymes, ascorbic acid, protein, sugar and physiological aspect such as pH and Relative water content. Further, the paper provides a brief overview on the impact of PM on biodiversity and climate change. Moreover, the review emphasizes the genotoxic impacts of PM on plants. Finally, on the basis of such studies tolerant plants as potent biomonitors with high Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Air Pollution Index (API) can be screened and may be recommended for green belt development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Rai
- Department of Environmental Science, Mizoram University, Tanhril, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India.
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16
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Wu R, Li N, Shu R, An N, Yi F, Yang W, Li C. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mosses by Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1166371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Matrix solid phase dispersion method for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in moss. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Fernández JA, Boquete MT, Carballeira A, Aboal JR. A critical review of protocols for moss biomonitoring of atmospheric deposition: sampling and sample preparation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 517:132-150. [PMID: 25725198 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the most important guideline for the application of the moss technique to monitor the atmospheric deposition of heavy metals is the "Heavy metals, nitrogen and POPs in European mosses: 2015 survey" published by the UNECE ICP Vegetation. Two main problems have been identified with this guideline: i) some of the recommendations regarding the methodological aspects involved in the application of the moss technique are not based on scientific criteria; and, ii) some recommendations in the manual are very vague and some aspects are even left out (e.g., elevation, distance to the coast). As a result there exists a high variability in the application of the protocol and many scientists adapt it to the specific conditions in the studied areas without evaluating how changes affect the results obtained. Therefore, in this article a total of 369 studies were reviewed including both methodological and application studies of the passive biomonitoring of the atmospheric deposition of heavy metals with terrestrial mosses. The results of this review have shown on the one hand, that none of the articles completely accomplished the ICP-Vegetation protocol suggestions, either because the information regarding some aspects was lacking or simply because the authors did not follow the manual suggestions. On the other hand, it was found that the results of methodological studies sometimes contradicted the ICP Vegetation manual recommendations. Thus, a new protocol in which each suggestion has been carefully and rigorously contrasted with the available literature has been proposed in this paper. In addition, practical and economic issues have also been considered and much more concise suggestions have been proposed which would facilitate its fulfilment in a more objective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Fernández
- Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Univ. of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - M T Boquete
- Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Univ. of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Carballeira
- Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Univ. of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J R Aboal
- Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Univ. of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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19
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Concha-Graña E, Piñeiro-Iglesias M, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Proposal of a procedure for the analysis of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mosses. Talanta 2015; 134:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Liu X, Li J, Zheng Q, Bing H, Zhang R, Wang Y, Luo C, Liu X, Wu Y, Pan S, Zhang G. Forest filter effect versus cold trapping effect on the altitudinal distribution of PCBs: a case study of Mt. Gongga, eastern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14377-14385. [PMID: 25377619 DOI: 10.1021/es5041688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mountains are observed to preferentially accumulate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) at higher altitude due to the cold condensation effect. Forest soils characterized by high organic carbon are important for terrestrial storage of POPs. To investigate the dominant factor controlling the altitudinal distribution of POPs in mountainous areas, we measured concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in different environmental matrices (soil, moss, and air) from nine elevations on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga, the highest mountain in Sichuan Province on the Tibetan Plateau. The concentrations of 24 measured PCBs ranged from 41 to 510 pg/g dry weight (dw) (mean: 260 pg/g dw) in the O-horizon soil, 280 to 1200 pg/g dw (mean: 740 pg/g dw) in moss, and 33 to 60 pg/m(3) (mean: 47 pg/m(3)) in air. Soil organic carbon was a key determinant explaining 75% of the variation in concentration along the altitudinal gradient. Across all of the sampling sites, the average contribution of the forest filter effect (FFE) was greater than that of the mountain cold trapping effect based on principal components analysis and multiple linear regression. Our results deviate from the thermodynamic theory involving cold condensation at high altitudes of mountain areas and highlight the importance of the FFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
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21
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Çabuk H, Kılıç MS, Ören M. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and industrial environments of the Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:1515-1524. [PMID: 24105124 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This research was carried out in the cities of Zonguldak and Eregli, which have been characterized as urban and industrial environments of the Western Black Sea Region, Turkey, in order to assess the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using mosses as biomonitors. The methodology involved the collection of moss samples (Hypnum cupressiforme), ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane, cleanup using silica gel and analysis by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 78.1 to 1693.5 ng g(-1) in Zonguldak and from 15.2 to 275.1 ng g(-1) in Eregli. The total PAH concentration in Eregli was about six times lower than that in Zonguldak, revealing the importance of switching from coal to natural gas in residential heating. The diagnostic ratios and the correlation analysis have indicated that coal combustion and traffic emissions were the major PAH sources at both sites. The contour maps were constructed for the determination of spatial distributions of total PAHs, and it was shown for Zonguldak as well as for Eregli that the PAH pollution was much more predominant in highly populated regions. Moving away from the city centres, a gradual decrease in PAH pollution rates was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Çabuk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey,
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22
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Foan L, Leblond S, Thöni L, Raynaud C, Santamaría JM, Sebilo M, Simon V. Spatial distribution of PAH concentrations and stable isotope signatures (δ13C, δ15N) in mosses from three European areas--characterization by multivariate analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 184:113-22. [PMID: 24047547 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and N, C stable isotope signatures were determined in mosses Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. from 61 sites of 3 European regions: Île-de-France (France); Navarra (Spain); the Swiss Plateau and Basel area (Switzerland). Total PAH concentrations of 100-700 ng g(-1), as well as δ(13)C values of -32 to -29‰ and δ(15)N values of -11 to -3‰ were measured. Pearson correlation tests revealed opposite trends between high molecular weight PAH (4-6 aromatic rings) content and δ(13)C values. Partial Least Square regressions explained the very significant correlations (r > 0.91, p < 0.001) between high molecular weight PAH concentrations by local urban land use (<10 km) and environmental factors such as elevation and pluviometry. Finally, specific correlations between heavy metal and PAH concentrations were attributed to industrial emissions in Switzerland and road traffic emissions in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Foan
- Université de Toulouse, INPT, LCA (Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle), ENSIACET, 4 Allée Emile Monso, F-31030 Toulouse, France; INRA, LCA (Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle), F-31030 Toulouse, France.
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23
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Oishi Y, Morimoto Y. Identifying indicator species for bryophyte conservation in fragmented forests. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-013-0220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Oishi Y. Comparison of Pine Needles and Mosses as Bio-Indicators for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2013.48a1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Caciari T, Casale T, Ciarrocca M, Capozzella A, Gioffrè PA, Corbosiero P, Tomei G, Scala B, Andreozzi G, Nardone N, Tomei F, Rosati MV. Correlation between total blood lead values and peripheral blood counts in workers occupationally exposed to urban stressors. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:1457-1469. [PMID: 23802154 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.796769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between occupational exposure to airborne lead (Pb) and alterations in peripheral blood counts in workers of the Municipal Police assigned to different types of outdoor tasks. Then, 337 both male and female subjects were enrolled and divided on the basis of sex, cigarette smoking habit and kind of task. Exposure to airborne Pb, dosage of total blood Pb and peripheral blood count were carried out. A significant positive correlation was detected between the values of total blood Pb and values of plasma reticulocytes (%RET) both in the total sample and for all the classes of the subdivision except for police drivers. Some statistically significant correlations were present but discontinuous for other variables of peripheral blood counts. Results suggest that occupational exposure to low doses of airborne Pb is able to influence lines of the hematopoietic system in exposed workers, with special reference to %RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Caciari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Optimization of pressurized liquid extraction using a multivariate chemometric approach and comparison of solid-phase extraction cleanup steps for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mosses. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1256:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Lee MA, Davies L, Power SA. Effects of roads on adjacent plant community composition and ecosystem function: An example from three calcareous ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 163:273-280. [PMID: 22285802 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Roads and exhaust emissions can affect plant communities directly, for example via direct foliar uptake of exhaust products, or indirectly via changes to soil biogeochemistry and hydrology. A transect study adjacent to roads of different traffic densities was carried out at three species-rich calcareous grasslands in south eastern England. Measured annual NO(2) concentrations and modelled NH(3) concentrations increased towards the roads and with higher traffic densities, and there was evidence of increased soil moisture, pH and heavy metal concentrations at roadsides. Increases in the abundance of nitrogen (N) tolerant species and grasses at roadsides were associated with N enrichment from vehicle exhausts at two of the sites. In contrast plant species richness, the abundance of forb and moss species declined at roadside locations. As vehicle usage spreads across the world, it is increasingly important to understand the effects of road traffic on adjacent ecosystems to inform traffic and conservation management policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Lee
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.
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Simon E, Braun M, Vidic A, Bogyó D, Fábián I, Tóthmérész B. Air pollution assessment based on elemental concentration of leaves tissue and foliage dust along an urbanization gradient in Vienna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:1229-33. [PMID: 21342742 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Foliage dust contains heavy metal that may have harmful effects on human health. The elemental contents of tree leaves and foliage dust are especially useful to assess air environmental pollution. We studied the elemental concentrations in foliage dust and leaves of Acer pseudoplatanus along an urbanization gradient in Vienna, Austria. Samples were collected from urban, suburban and rural areas. We analysed 19 elements in both kind of samples: aluminium, barium, calcium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphor, sulphur, strontium and zinc. We found that the elemental concentrations of foliage dust were significantly higher in the urban area than in the rural area for aluminium, barium, iron, lead, phosphor and selenium. Elemental concentrations of leaves were significantly higher in urban than in rural area for manganese and strontium. Urbanization changed significantly the elemental concentrations of foliage dust and leaves and the applied method can be useful for monitoring the environmental load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Simon
- Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, P.O. Box 71, Hungary.
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Dragović S, Mihailović N, Gajić B. Quantification of transfer of (238)U, (226)Ra, (232)Th, (40)K and (137)Cs in mosses of a semi-natural ecosystem. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2010; 101:159-164. [PMID: 19836864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of appropriate data on transfer of some radionuclides on many terrestrial biota groups. To expand the available data concentration ratios of (238)U, (226)Ra, (232)Th, (40)K and (137)Cs in mosses are presented in this paper. The relationship between concentration ratios of radionuclides and physicochemical characteristics of the underlying soil was also investigated. The data on concentration ratios obtained here will provide a useful addition to the currently used database of transfer parameters, particularly for natural radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dragović
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Dragović S, Mihailović N. Analysis of mosses and topsoils for detecting sources of heavy metal pollution: multivariate and enrichment factor analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 157:383-390. [PMID: 18850291 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the contribution of emission sources to the pollution of areas remote from industrial facilities, a combined approach of enrichment factor analysis and multivariate statistics was used for detecting the origin of heavy metal pollution in the Zlatibor ecosystem, in Serbia. Samples of moss (Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium splendens, Scleropodium purum, Hypnum cupressiforme and Thuidum delicatulum) and of topsoil (0-5 cm) were collected in 2005. The concentrations of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in moss and soil samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results obtained by enrichment factor analysis and two multivariate statistical methods, principal component analysis and cluster analysis, enabled discrimination of the lithologic and anthropogenic sources of heavy metals in the mosses. Enrichment factors, calculated to evaluate the contribution to the metal content in moss from anthropogenic sources, revealed pollution of the investigated area by Cd and Pb, originating from long-range transport and fossil fuel burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dragović
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Application of Nuclear Energy-INEP, Banatska 31b, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia.
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