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The Sorghum bicolor Root Exudate Sorgoleone Shapes Bacterial Communities and Delays Network Formation. mSystems 2021; 6:6/2/e00749-20. [PMID: 33727394 PMCID: PMC8546980 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00749-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary and secondary metabolites exuded from roots are key drivers of root-soil microbe interactions that contribute to the structure and function of microbial communities. Studies with model plants have begun to reveal the complex interactions between root exudates and soil microbes, but little is known about the influence of specialized exudates from crop plants. The aims of this work were to understand whether sorgoleone, a unique lipophilic secondary benzoquinone exuded only from the root hairs of sorghum, influences belowground microbial community structure in the field, to assess the effect of purified sorgoleone on the cultured bacteria from field soils, and to determine whether sorgoleone inhibits nitrification under field conditions. Studies were conducted comparing wild-type sorghum and lines with genetically reduced sorgoleone exudation. In the soil near roots and rhizosphere, sorgoleone influenced microbial community structure as measured by β-diversity and network analysis. Under greenhouse conditions, the soil nitrogen content was an important factor in determining the impacts of sorgoleone. Sorgoleone delayed the formation of the bacterial and archaeal networks early in plant development and only inhibited nitrification at specific sampling times under field conditions. Sorgoleone was also shown to both inhibit and promote cultured bacterial isolate growth in laboratory tests. These findings provide new insights into the role of secondary metabolites in shaping the composition and function of the sorghum root-associated bacterial microbiomes. Understanding how root exudates modify soil microbiomes may potentially unlock an important tool for enhancing crop sustainability and yield in our changing environment.IMPORTANCE Plant roots exude a complex mixture of metabolites into the rhizosphere. Primary and secondary metabolites exuded from roots are key drivers of root-soil microbe interactions that contribute to the structure and function of microbial communities in agricultural and natural ecosystems. Previous work on plant root exudates and their influence on soil microbes has mainly been restricted to model plant species. Plant are a diverse group of organisms and produce a wide array of different secondary metabolites. Therefore, it is important to go beyond studies of model plants to fully understand the diverse repertoire of root exudates in crop plant species that feed human populations. Extending studies to a wider array of root exudates will provide a more comprehensive understanding of how the roots of important food crops interact with highly diverse soil microbial communities. This will provide information that could lead to tailoring root exudates for the development of more beneficial plant-soil microbe interactions that will benefit agroecosystem productivity.
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de Oliveira IF, Simeone MLF, de Guimarães CC, Garcia NS, Schaffert RE, de Sousa SM. Sorgoleone concentration influences mycorrhizal colonization in sorghum. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:259-264. [PMID: 33200347 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The association between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and sorghum, the fifth most cultivated cereal in the world and a staple food for many countries, is relevant to improving phosphorus (P) absorption. The importance of root exudation as a signal for the symbiosis has been shown for several species, but a complete understanding of the signaling molecules involved in the mycorrhizal symbiosis signaling pathway has not yet been elucidated. In this context, we investigated the effect of sorgoleone, one of the most studied allelochemicals and a predominant compound of root exudates in sorghum, on AMF colonization and consequently P uptake and plant growth on a sorghum genotype. The sorghum genotype P9401 presents low endogenous sorgoleone content, and when it was inoculated with Rhizophagus clarus together with 5 and 10 µM sorgoleone, mycorrhizal colonization was enhanced. A significant enhancement of mycorrhizal colonization and an increase of P content and biomass were observed when R. clarus was inoculated together with 20 µM sorgoleone. Thus, our results indicate that sorgoleone influences mycorrhizal colonization, but the mechanisms by which it does so still need to be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Figueiredo de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, R. Padre João Pimentel, 80, Dom Bosco, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, 36301-158, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Ferreira Simeone
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 KM 65, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Carvalho de Guimarães
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 KM 65, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Nathally Stefany Garcia
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Rod. MG 424 KM 47, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Robert Eugene Schaffert
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 KM 65, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Morais de Sousa
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, R. Padre João Pimentel, 80, Dom Bosco, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, 36301-158, Brazil.
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rod. MG 424 KM 65, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 35701-970, Brazil.
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Besançon TE, Dayan FE, Gannon TW, Everman WJ. Conservation and divergence in sorgoleone production of sorghum species. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:368-377. [PMID: 33016416 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sorgoleone-358 is an important allelochemical of the oily droplets exuded from root hairs of various species in the Sorghum genus. Due to its hydrophobic nature, sorgoleone-358 can be strongly adsorbed onto soil organic matter, resulting in increased sorgoleone soil persistence. Because of the herbicidal activity of sorgoleone on many small-seeded weeds, concerns have been raised that sorghum residues may have a detrimental effect on emergence of wheat used as a double crop in the southeastern United States. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate root exudate production and its sorgoleone-358 content for 36 cultivated sorghum cultivars as well as eight shattercane [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. arundinaceum (Desv.) de Wet & Harlan] accessions and one johnsongrass [S. halepense (L.) Pers.] accession. Using a capillary growing mat system, root exudate was extracted with dichloromethane and subjected to chromatography analysis to determine sorgoleone-358 content. Root biomass of 7- to 12-d-old seedlings averaged 18.8 mg g-1 seed, and root exudate production ranged from 0.2 and 4.8 mg g-1 root fresh weight (RFW). The amount of sorgoleone produced varied greatly among sorghum accessions. Sorgoleone-358 amount in the root exudate averaged 0.5 mg g-1 RFW and varied from 0.13 to 1.05 mg g-1 for shattercane cultivar S7 and cultivated sorghum cultivar 992123, respectively. Regarding volume of root biomass, sorgoleone-358 levels averaged 0.49 mg g-1 (range, 0.06-1.46 mg g-1 ) for sorghum cultivar AAS3479 and shattercane cultivar S2, respectively. Segregation of commercial sorghum cultivars according to their maturity group did not show any difference in root biomass and dry extract production, but early-maturing cultivars produced on average 18% less sorgoleone-358 compared with medium- and late-maturing cultivars. These results suggest that sorgoleone production may be genetically constitutive because sorghum growing conditions were identical across cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Dep. of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Travis W Gannon
- Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Wesley J Everman
- Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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Macías FA, Mejías FJ, Molinillo JM. Recent advances in allelopathy for weed control: from knowledge to applications. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2413-2436. [PMID: 30684299 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is the biological phenomenon of chemical interactions between living organisms in the ecosystem, and must be taken into account in addressing pest and weed problems in future sustainable agriculture. Allelopathy is a multidisciplinary science, but in some cases, aspects of its chemistry are overlooked, despite the need for a deep knowledge of the chemical structural characteristics of allelochemicals to facilitate the design of new herbicides. This review is focused on the most important advances in allelopathy, paying particular attention to the design and development of phenolic compounds, terpenoids and alkaloids as herbicides. The isolation of allelochemicals is mainly addressed, but other aspects such as the analysis and activities of derivatives or analogs are also covered. Furthermore, the use of allelopathy in the fight against parasitic plants is included. The past 12 years have been a prolific period for publications on allelopathy. This critical review discusses future research areas in this field and the state of the art is analyzed from the chemist's perspective. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Jr Mejías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José Mg Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
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Duval BD, Ghimire R, Hartman MD, Marsalis MA. Water and nitrogen management effects on semiarid sorghum production and soil trace gas flux under future climate. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195782. [PMID: 29672548 PMCID: PMC5908084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
External inputs to agricultural systems can overcome latent soil and climate constraints on production, while contributing to greenhouse gas emissions from fertilizer and water management inefficiencies. Proper crop selection for a given region can lessen the need for irrigation and timing of N fertilizer application with crop N demand can potentially reduce N2O emissions and increase N use efficiency while reducing residual soil N and N leaching. However, increased variability in precipitation is an expectation of climate change and makes predicting biomass and gas flux responses to management more challenging. We used the DayCent model to test hypotheses about input intensity controls on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) productivity and greenhouse gas emissions in the southwestern United States under future climate. Sorghum had been previously parameterized for DayCent, but an inverse-modeling via parameter estimation method significantly improved model validation to field data. Aboveground production and N2O flux were more responsive to N additions than irrigation, but simulations with future climate produced lower values for sorghum than current climate. We found positive interactions between irrigation at increased N application for N2O and CO2 fluxes. Extremes in sorghum production under future climate were a function of biomass accumulation trajectories related to daily soil water and mineral N. Root C inputs correlated with soil organic C pools, but overall soil C declined at the decadal scale under current weather while modest gains were simulated under future weather. Scaling biomass and N2O fluxes by unit N and water input revealed that sorghum can be productive without irrigation, and the effect of irrigating crops is difficult to forecast when precipitation is variable within the growing season. These simulation results demonstrate the importance of understanding sorghum production and greenhouse gas emissions at daily scales when assessing annual and decadal-scale management decisions’ effects on aspects of arid and semiarid agroecosystem biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Duval
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rajan Ghimire
- New Mexico State University, Agricultural Science Center, Clovis, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Melannie D. Hartman
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Marsalis
- New Mexico State University, Agricultural Science Center, Los Lunas, New Mexico, United States of America
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Wang F, Dörfler U, Jiang X, Schroll R. Predicting isoproturon long-term mineralization from short-term experiment: Can this be a suitable approach? CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:312-318. [PMID: 26366929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A worldwide used pesticide - isoproturon (IPU) - was selected to test whether short-term experiments can be used to predict long-term mineralization of IPU in soil. IPU-mineralization was measured for 39 and 265 days in four different agricultural soils with a low mineralization dynamic. Additionally, in one soil IPU dissipation, formation and dissipation of metabolites, formation of non-extractable residues (NER) and (14)C-microbial biomass from (14)C-IPU were monitored for 39 and 265 days. The data from short-term and long-term experiments were used for model fitting. The long-term dynamics of IPU mineralization were considerably overestimated by the short-term experiments in two soils with neutral pH, while in two other soils with low pH and lower mineralization, the long-term mineralization of IPU could be sufficiently predicted. Additional investigations in one of the soils with neutral pH showed that dissipation of IPU and metabolites could be correctly predicted by the short-term experiment. However, the formation of NER and (14)C-microbial biomass were remarkably overestimated by the short-term experiment. Further, it could be shown that the released NER and (14)C-microbial biomass were the main contributors of (14)CO2 formation at later incubation stages. Taken together, our results indicate that in soils with neutral pH short-term experiments were inadequate to predict the long-term mineralization of IPU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Dörfler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Reiner Schroll
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Cheng F, Cheng Z. Research Progress on the use of Plant Allelopathy in Agriculture and the Physiological and Ecological Mechanisms of Allelopathy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1020. [PMID: 26635845 PMCID: PMC4647110 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is a common biological phenomenon by which one organism produces biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, development, and reproduction of other organisms. These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and have beneficial or detrimental effects on target organisms. Plant allelopathy is one of the modes of interaction between receptor and donor plants and may exert either positive effects (e.g., for agricultural management, such as weed control, crop protection, or crop re-establishment) or negative effects (e.g., autotoxicity, soil sickness, or biological invasion). To ensure sustainable agricultural development, it is important to exploit cultivation systems that take advantage of the stimulatory/inhibitory influence of allelopathic plants to regulate plant growth and development and to avoid allelopathic autotoxicity. Allelochemicals can potentially be used as growth regulators, herbicides, insecticides, and antimicrobial crop protection products. Here, we reviewed the plant allelopathy management practices applied in agriculture and the underlying allelopathic mechanisms described in the literature. The major points addressed are as follows: (1) Description of management practices related to allelopathy and allelochemicals in agriculture. (2) Discussion of the progress regarding the mode of action of allelochemicals and the physiological mechanisms of allelopathy, consisting of the influence on cell micro- and ultra-structure, cell division and elongation, membrane permeability, oxidative and antioxidant systems, growth regulation systems, respiration, enzyme synthesis and metabolism, photosynthesis, mineral ion uptake, protein and nucleic acid synthesis. (3) Evaluation of the effect of ecological mechanisms exerted by allelopathy on microorganisms and the ecological environment. (4) Discussion of existing problems and proposal for future research directions in this field to provide a useful reference for future studies on plant allelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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8
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LoPresti EF. Chemicals on plant surfaces as a heretofore unrecognized, but ecologically informative, class for investigations into plant defence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:1102-1117. [PMID: 26280356 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce and utilize a great diversity of chemicals for a variety of physiological and ecological purposes. Many of these chemicals defend plants against herbivores, pathogens and competitors. The location of these chemicals varies within the plant, some are located entirely within plant tissues, others exist in the air- (or water-) space around plants, and still others are secreted onto plant surfaces as exudates. I argue herein that the location of a given defensive chemical has profound implications for its ecological function; specifically, I focus on the characteristics of chemical defences secreted onto plant surfaces. Drawing from a broad literature encompassing ecology, evolution, taxonomy and physiology, I found that these external chemical defences (ECDs) are common and widespread in plants and algae; hundreds of examples have been detailed, yet they are not delineated as a separate class from internal chemical defences (ICDs). I propose a novel typology for ECDs and, using existing literature, explore the ecological consequences of the hypothesized unique characteristics of ECDs. The axis of total or proportional investment in ECDs versus ICDs should be considered as one axis of investment by a plant, in the same way as quantitative versus qualitative chemical defences or induced versus constitutive defences is considered. The ease of manipulating ECDs in many plant systems presents a powerful tool to help test plant defence theory (e.g. optimal defence). The framework outlined here integrates various disciplines of botany and ecology and suggests a need for further examinations of exudates in a variety of contexts, as well as recognition of the effects of within-plant localization of defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F LoPresti
- Department of Entomology, Graduate Group in Ecology, Center for Population Biology, UC-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A..
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9
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Desalew T, Wondmeneh E, Mekonnen G, Tadelle D. Comparative study on some egg quality traits of exotic chickens in different production systems in East Shewa, Ethiopia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajar2014.9373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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10
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Duke SO, Owens DK, Dayan FE. The Growing Need for Biochemical Bioherbicides. BIOPESTICIDES: STATE OF THE ART AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2014-1172.ch003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O. Duke
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Cochran Research Center, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Daniel K. Owens
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Cochran Research Center, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Franck E. Dayan
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Cochran Research Center, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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11
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WANG JH, CHEN T, LIN WX. Plant allelopathy types and their application in agriculture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1011.2013.01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Li XJ, Xia ZC, Kong CH, Xu XH. Mobility and microbial activity of allelochemicals in soil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5072-5079. [PMID: 23647315 DOI: 10.1021/jf400949m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The action of allelochemicals in soil needs their presence in the vicinity of the target plants. Using a soil TLC combined with bioassay approach, the mobility of 10 typical allelochemicals was evaluated. Ferulic, p-hydroxymandelic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and vanillic acids always had the lowest mobility (Rf < 0.1), whereas phenolic aldehyde and lactone (vanillin and coumarin) showed the highest mobility (Rf > 0.5). The Rf values of daidzein, 1α-angeloyloxycarotol, DIMBOA, and m-tyrosine ranged from 0.24 to 0.32. Binary mixtures of these allelochemicals led to an increase in mobility factors for selected combinations. Phospholipid fatty acid profiling indicated that there were different soil microbial communities in the segments containing allelochemicals residues in the developed TLC soil layer. A difference in microbial community structure occurred between two nitrogenous DIMBOA and m-tyrosine and another eight allelochemicals. The results suggest that the soil activity of allelochemicals on bioassay species and microbial communities depends on their mobility in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Uddin MR, Thwe AA, Kim YB, Park WT, Chae SC, Park SU. Effects of jasmonates on sorgoleone accumulation and expression of genes for sorgoleone biosynthesis in sorghum roots. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:712-22. [PMID: 23702703 PMCID: PMC3669516 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the roles of jasmonates in the regulation of sorgoleone accumulation and the expression of genes involved in sorgoleone biosynthesis in sorghum roots. Both methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and jasmonic acid (JA) substantially promoted root hair formation, secondary root development, root weight, and sorgoleone accumulation in sorghum roots. Sorgoleone content varied widely depending on the concentration of JA or MeJa and the duration of their application. Root weight and sorgoleone accumulation were highest after the application of JA or MeJa at a concentration of 5.0 μM, and then declined with increasing concentrations of jasmonates. At 5.0 μM, JA and MeJa increased sorgoleone content by 4.1 and 3.4-fold, respectively. Transcript accumulation was apparent for all genes, particularly for the O-methyltransferase 3 gene, which increased in expression levels up to 8.1-fold after a 36-h exposure to MeJa and 3.5-fold after a 48-h exposure to JA. The results of this study pave the way for more effective biosynthesis of sorgoleone, an important and useful allelochemical obtained from a variety of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Romij Uddin
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Cipollini D, Rigsby CM, Barto EK. Microbes as targets and mediators of allelopathy in plants. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:714-27. [PMID: 22585095 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies of allelopathy in terrestrial systems have experienced tremendous growth as interest has risen in describing biochemical mechanisms responsible for structuring plant communities, determining agricultural and forest productivity, and explaining invasive behaviors in introduced organisms. While early criticisms of allelopathy involved issues with allelochemical production, stability, and degradation in soils, an understanding of the chemical ecology of soils and its microbial inhabitants has been increasingly incorporated in studies of allelopathy, and recognized as an essential predictor of the outcome of allelopathic interactions between plants. Microbes can mediate interactions in a number of ways with both positive and negative outcomes for surrounding plants and plant communities. In this review, we examine cases where soil microbes are the target of allelopathic plants leading to indirect effects on competing plants, provide examples where microbes play either a protective effect on plants against allelopathic competitors or enhance allelopathic effects, and we provide examples where soil microbial communities have changed through time in response to allelopathic plants with known or potential effects on plant communities. We focus primarily on interactions involving wild plants in natural systems, using case studies of some of the world's most notorious invasive plants, but we also provide selected examples from agriculturally managed systems. Allelopathic interactions between plants cannot be fully understood without considering microbial participants, and we conclude with suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences PhD Program, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.
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Santos I, Silva CD, Santos SD, Maia M. Sorgoleone: benzoquinona lipídica de sorgo com efeitos alelopáticos na agricultura como herbicida. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572012000100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A cultura do sorgo cresceu rapidamente nestes últimos anos, por ser uma planta com características xerófilas, apresentando um aumento de sua produção principalmente na região nordeste devido a sua capacidade de suportar ambientes de cultivo mais secos. As ervas daninhas são um grande problema para os cultivares, pois estas podem reduzir significativamente a produção de grãos, particularmente quando surgem nas fases iniciais das culturas. Visando a obtenção de culturas resistentes às ervas daninhas, estudos têm sido realizados demonstrando que algumas plantas possuem uma defesa natural que consiste na capacidade de um organismo produzir metabólitos que atuam inibindo ou o crescimento ou o desenvolvimento de outros organismos que estão próximos; a esta capacidade dá-se o nome de alelopatia. O sorgo é uma das plantas que possuem sua alelopatia comprovada, produzindo um complexo de substâncias lipídicas e proteínas denominados genericamente de sorgoleone, tendo como seu principal composto o 2-hidroxi-5-metoxi-3-[(Z,Z)-8',11',14'-pentadecatrieno]-p-benzoquinona, que é naturalmente liberado para o solo a partir dos tricomas das suas raízes e, no momento em que entram em contato com as ervas daninhas, inibem seu crescimento. Devido a tais características inerentes à cultura do sorgo, este trabalho tem como objetivo discorrer sobre os possíveis benefícios do uso desse cereal devido a sua comprovada alelopatia, bem como informar os conhecidos mecanismos de produção e atuação dos principais compostos constituintes do sorgoleone produzidos pelas suas raízes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M.M.D. Maia
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brasil
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Inderjit, Wardle DA, Karban R, Callaway RM. The ecosystem and evolutionary contexts of allelopathy. Trends Ecol Evol 2011; 26:655-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zhu X, Zhang J, Ma K. Soil biota reduce allelopathic effects of the invasive Eupatorium adenophorum. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25393. [PMID: 21980442 PMCID: PMC3182202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allelopathy has been hypothesized to play a role in exotic plant invasions, and study of this process can improve our understanding of how direct and indirect plant interactions influence plant community organization and ecosystem functioning. However, allelopathic effects can be highly conditional. For example allelopathic effects demonstrated in vivo can be difficult to demonstrate in field soils. Here we tested phytotoxicity of Eupatorium adenophorum (croftonweed), one of the most destructive exotic species in China, to a native plant species Brassica rapa both in sand and in native soil. Our results suggested that natural soils from different invaded habitats alleviated or eliminated the efficacy of potential allelochemicals relative to sand cultures. When that soil is sterilized, the allelopathic effects returned; suggesting that soil biota were responsible for the reduced phytotoxicity in natural soils. Neither of the two allelopathic compounds (9-Oxo-10,11-dehydroageraphorone and 9b-Hydroxyageraphorone) of E. adenophorum could be found in natural soils infested by the invader, and when those compounds were added to the soils as leachates, they showed substantial degradation after 24 hours in natural soils but not in sand. Our findings emphasize that soil biota can reduce the allelopathic effects of invaders on other plants, and therefore can reduce community invasibility. These results also suggest that soil biota may have stronger or weaker effects on allelopathic interactions depending on how allelochemicals are delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunzhi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jintun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Dayan FE, Rimando AM, Pan Z, Baerson SR, Gimsing AL, Duke SO. Sorgoleone. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:1032-9. [PMID: 20385394 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sorgoleone, a major component of the hydrophobic root exudate of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], is one of the most studied allelochemicals. The exudate also contains an equivalent amount of a lipid resorcinol analog as well as a number of minor sorgoleone congeners. Synthesis of sorgoleone is constitutive and compartmentalized within root hairs, which can accumulate up to 20 microg of exudate/mg root dry weight. The biosynthesis pathway involves unique fatty acid desaturases which produce an atypical 16:3 fatty acyl-CoA starter unit for an alkylresorcinol synthase that catalyzes the formation of a pentadecatrienylresorcinol intermediate. This intermediate is then methylated by SAM-dependent O-methyltransferases and dihydroxylated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. An EST data set derived from a S. bicolor root hair-specific cDNA library contained all the candidate sequences potentially encoding enzymes involved in the sorgoleone biosynthetic pathway. Sorgoleone interferes with several molecular target sites, including inhibition of photosynthesis in germinating seedlings. Sorgoleone is not translocated acropetally in older plants, but can be absorbed through the hypocotyl and cotyledonary tissues. Therefore, the mode of action of sorgoleone may be the result of inhibition of photosynthesis in young seedlings in concert with inhibition of its other molecular target sites in older plants. Due to its hydrophobic nature, sorgoleone is strongly sorbed in soil which increases its persistence, but experiments show that it is mineralized by microorganisms over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck E Dayan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, P.O. Box 8048, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Plant Natural compounds with antibacterial activity towards common pathogens of pond-cultured channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1676-89. [PMID: 22069655 PMCID: PMC3153272 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacteria Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare cause enteric septicemia and columnaris disease, respectively, in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Natural therapeutants may provide an alternative to current management approaches used by producers. In this study, a rapid bioassay identified plant compounds as potential therapeutants. Chelerythrine chloride and ellagic acid were the most toxic toward E. ictaluri, with 24-h IC50 of 7.3 mg/L and 15.1 mg/L, respectively, and MIC of 2.1 mg/L and 6.5 mg/L, respectively. Chelerythrine chloride, ellagic acid, β-glycyrrhetinic acid, sorgoleone, and wogonin were the most toxic towards two genomovars of F. columnare, and wogonin had the strongest antibacterial activity (MIC = 0.3 mg/L).
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