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Comprehensive ethoxymer characterization of complex alcohol ethoxy sulphate products by mixed-mode high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to charged aerosol detection. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461927. [PMID: 33540181 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes a simultaneous mixed-mode high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method combined with a universal and non-selective-response detector for the complete ethoxymer profiling of alcohol ethoxy sulphate mixtures. The optimized HPLC methodology combines the dual hydrophilic (HILIC) and reversed-phase selectivity of a surfactant-type column in order to render a comprehensive and simultaneous separation of more than 50 endogenous ethoxymers in a single analysis. Furthermore, an accurate quantitation of every single analyte was achieved using a final universal charged aerosol detector (CAD) including specific mathematical processing tools. Results obtained helped describing a complete alkyl chain and ethoxymer distribution of the investigated AES samples. Method validation evidences provided reliability of the individual ethoxymer contributions determined with the proposed HPLC-CAD methodology. Regarding accuracy including independent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, an excellent correlation was found between the structural information provided by a COSY NMR spectrum and the CAD results regarding the mono/polyethoxylated and the non-ethoxylated/ethoxylated distribution. Additional calculations including the average molecular weight and the degree of ethoxylation for the reference AES sample showed minimum differences (relative error < 1 %) between the two considered techniques. An outstanding precision and linearity along the working concentration range (r2>0.999) was also observed. The individual limit of detection for the target sulphate ethoxymers was determined to be in the low ppm range. Further validated distribution profiles for a large number of AES samples demonstrated the applicability of the optimized HPLC-CAD methodology to routine surfactant screenings. Therefore, the hereby developed methodology provided extensive information regarding the detailed individual ethoxymer profile of AES formulations, which can be extremely useful for the surfactant industry in order to gain information on specific synthesis routes and/or detergency properties.
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Fernández-Ramos C, Rodríguez-Gómez R, Reis MS, Zafra-Gómez A, Verge C, de Ferrer JA, Pérez-Pascual M, Vílchez JL. Sorption, degradation and transport phenomena of alcohol ethoxysulfates in agricultural soils. Laboratory studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:661-670. [PMID: 28061424 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, laboratory studies were conducted in order to determine and model the sorption, degradation and transport processes of alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES), one of the most important groups of anionic surfactants. Adsorption/desorption isotherms were obtained for several structurally related AES ethoxymers (homologue AES-C12En with n = 0-10 ethoxymer units and homologue AES-C14En with n = 0-7 ethoxymer units) using a batch equilibrium method. Data were fitted to a linear and a Freundlich isotherm models. Additionally, experiments in continuous-flow soil columns were also carried out and the breakthrough curves observed for each compound were studied. Breakthrough curves were used to determine the fundamental parameters of the transport model (hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient, degradation rate constant and adsorption/desorption isotherm slope), that is the main phenomena that take place simultaneously when AES move through agricultural soil. When the results obtained for the AES ethoxymers are combined, they reveal a clear and consistent trend towards a sorption increase with the number of ethoxylated units and with the length of the alkyl chain that opens the possibility to estimate the values of the transport parameters for other structurally related ethoxymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fernández-Ramos
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - R Rodríguez-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M S Reis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Zafra-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - C Verge
- Cepsa Química, Avenida del Partenón 12, E-28042, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A de Ferrer
- Cepsa Química, Avenida del Partenón 12, E-28042, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pérez-Pascual
- Cepsa Química, Avenida del Partenón 12, E-28042, Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Vílchez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Escrig-Doménech A, Simó-Alfonso EF, Ramis-Ramos G. Determination of the four major surfactant classes in cleaning products by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using serially connected UV and evaporative light-scattering detection. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 932:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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