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Klimczak M, Liu G, Fernandes AR, Kilanowicz A, Falandysz J. An updated global overview of the manufacture and unintentional formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131786. [PMID: 37302193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review updates information on the historical manufacture and unintentional production of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The direct toxicity of PCNs as a result of occupational human exposure and through contaminated feed in livestock was recognised decades ago, making PCNs a precursor chemical for consideration in occupational medicine and occupational safety. This was confirmed by the listing of PCNs by the Stockholm Convention as a persistent organic pollutant in the environment, food, animals and humans. PCNs were manufactured globally between 1910 ∼ 1980, but reliable data on the volumes produced or national outputs are scarce. A total figure for global production would be useful for the purposes of inventory and control and it is clear that combustion related sources such as waste incineration, industrial metallurgy and use of chlorine are current major sources of PCNs to the environment. The upper bound estimate of total global production has been put at 400,000 metric tons but the amounts (at least, many 10 s of tonnes) that are currently emitted unintentionally every year through industrial combustion processes should also be inventoried along with estimates for emissions from bush and forest fires. This would however require considerable national effort, financing and co-operation from source operators. The historical (1910-1970 s) production and resulting emissions through diffusive/evaporative releases through usage, are still reflected in documented occurrence and patterns of PCNs in human milk in Europe and other locations worldwide. More recently, PCN occurrence in human milk from Chinese provinces has been linked to local unintentional emissions from thermal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Klimczak
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10-100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 12-100049, China.
| | - Awyn R Fernandes
- University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland.
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2
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Li C, Li J, Lyu B, Wu Y, Yang L, Zheng M, Min Y, Zhang L, Liu G. Burden and Risk of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in Chinese Human Milk and a Global Comparison of Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6804-6813. [PMID: 33929821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are carcinogenic contaminants. Residues from historical production and ongoing unintentional releases from industrial thermal sources have led to the ubiquitous presence of PCNs in the environment. Our previous study has revealed that unintentional releases may be the main sources of PCNs in human milk from China. However, an assessment of PCN burden in human milk and exposure differences between historical residues and unintentional release exposure has not been conducted. In this study, we performed the first comparison of human exposure to PCNs and evaluated the differences between the estimated health risks from historical residues and unintentional releases. Three characteristic PCN congener patterns found in Chinese human milk specimens collected from 100 cities/counties can be considered characteristic of PCN exposures in regions with unintentional industrial releases as the main PCN sources. The health risk assessment suggested potential noncarcinogenic health effects in infants aged 0-6 months. The hazard index calculated for infants in Sweden indicates a strong impact of historical residues that nonetheless decreases over time, and a comparison of the hazard indices calculated for China and Ireland suggests that ongoing unintentional formation and release of PCNs from industrial processes should be a matter of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Bing Lyu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yihao Min
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Kang Q, Bao S, Chen B. Phototransformation of three polychlorinated naphthalenes on surface of atmospheric particulate matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124895. [PMID: 33418299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are a new class of persistent organic pollutants. Photoconversion is an important pathway for their transformation in the environment. In this work, silica gel was used to simulate atmospheric mineral particles, and the photochemical reaction of three PCNs 1-chloronaphthalene (CN-1), 2-chloronaphthalene (CN-2) and 2,3-dichloronaphthalene (CN-10)) on silica gel surface was studied under the irradiation of high-pressure mercury lamp, the phototransformation intermediates and pathways of PCNs were investigated, effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS, ·OH, 1O2 and O2-·) were proved by free radical scavenging method and the effects of co-existing components (water, inorganic ions and fulvic acid) were examined. The results showed that all the three PCNs could be photochemical degraded on silica gel surface. The order of the apparent rate constants was CN-2 ≈ CN-1 > CN-10. ROS accelerated the photochemical reaction. The three PCNs didn't produce completely identical photoproducts, but all underwent a series of reactions such as reductive dechlorination, hydroxylation, oxidation, decarboxylation and ring opening. In addition, for the photoconversion of CN-1, the presence of water, NO3- or fulvic acid all promoted the photochemical transformation, while the presence of Cu2+ had an inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Kang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Siqi Bao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
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Mao S, Zhang G, Li J, Geng X, Wang J, Zhao S, Cheng Z, Xu Y, Li Q, Wang Y. Occurrence and sources of PCBs, PCNs, and HCB in the atmosphere at a regional background site in east China: Implications for combustion sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114267. [PMID: 32179224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple types of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), can be unintentionally released from combustion or thermal industrial processes, which are speculated to be the main sources of these contaminants, as they were banned on production and use since several decades ago. In this study, concentrations and sources of 40 PCBs, 39 PCNs, and HCB were analyzed in air samples collected during the period 2012-2015 at a background site in east China. ΣPCBs, ΣPCNs, and HCB were in the range of 9-341 pg/m3, 6-143 pg/m3, and 14-522 pg/m3, respectively. Seasonal characteristics with high levels in winter and low levels in summer were observed for PCNs and HCB. PCBs also exhibited slightly higher levels in winter. Source apportionment was conducted, using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as combustion sources indicator, combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The results indicated that the legacy of past produced and used commercial PCBs was the dominant contributor (∼56%) to the selected PCBs in the atmosphere in east China. PCNs were mainly emitted from combustion sources (∼64%), whereas HCB almost entirely originated from combustion process (>90%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuduan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaofei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Dat ND, Huang YJ, Chang MB. Characterization of PCN emission and removal from secondary copper metallurgical processes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113759. [PMID: 31874436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the characteristics of PCN emission and removal from two secondary copper metallurgical processes (plants A and B) equipped with different air pollution control devices (APCDs). Different operating conditions and feeding materials result in varying emission factors of PCNs from two plants. The average PCN concentration emitted from plant B (7597 ng Nm-3) is significantly higher than that emitted from plant A (32.5 ng Nm-3) and those reported in China (5.8-2845 ng Nm-3). Similar trend is found for fly ash samples collected from two plants. Low chlorinated homologues (Mono-to Tri-CNs) are the major contributors to total PCNs measured in flue gas, fly ash and slag samples. Combination of semi-dry absorber, activated carbon injection and baghouse is effective for PCN removal in plant A, with the overall removal efficiency of 98%. The overall removal efficiency of PCNs achieved with APCDs equipped in plant B is 90%, however, increases of some homologues as the flue gases passing through baghouse and wet scrubber are found, suggesting the occurrence of memory effect within baghouse and wet scrubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Duy Dat
- Faculty of Chemical & Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Yong Ji Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Moo Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, 320, Taiwan.
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Li C, Zhang L, Li J, Min Y, Yang L, Zheng M, Wu Y, Yang Y, Qin L, Liu G. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in human milk: Health risk assessment to nursing infants and source analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105436. [PMID: 31887713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes are teratogenic environmental contaminants. Mother milk is the most important food for nursing infants. The World Health Organization actively promotes breastfeeding for its immunological, psychological, and economic advantages. We firstly measured concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes in human milk from 19 provinces in China and estimated their potential health risks to nursing infants and their possible sources. Concentrations ranged from 211.07 to 2497.43 pg/g lipid. The high prevalence of highly toxic hexachlorinated naphthalenes (Hexa-CN66/67) in human milk samples indicated a higher health risk in the sampling areas. Cancer risk posed to nursing infants was not significant, but potential non-carcinogenic adverse health effects were suggested and should be emphasized in some sampling areas. Unintentional emission of polychlorinated naphthalenes from industries that employ thermal processes appears to be the main source for PCNs in human milk in most sampling areas. Correlation analysis also suggested PCNs as impurities in polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures as a previously unrecognized source of polychlorinated naphthalenes in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Jingguang Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Yihao Min
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yongning Wu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Kang C, Bao S, Wang Y, Xiao K, Zhu L, Liu F, Tian T. Comparison of the photoconversion of 1-chloronaphthalene and 2,3-dichlornaphthalene in water. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:1946-1955. [PMID: 30566098 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the photoconversion of 1-chloronaphthalene (CN-1) and 2,3-dichlornaphthalene (CN-10) under the simulated sunlight had been studied. The results showed that the photoconversion of CN-1 and CN-10 obeyed the first-order kinetics model. NO2 -, NO3 -, Fe3+ and Fe2+ extensively present in natural water can accelerate CN-1 photoconversion via generating ·OH, which may induce indirect photooxidation of CN-1. The photoproducts were treated by the derivatization method and analyzed by GC-MS after being irradiated for 6 h. Ten products were characterized for CN-1 and CN-10, and there were six common products. On this basis, the photoconversion pathways of CN-10 and CN-1 were proposed, and both of them have a similar conversion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Kang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Siqi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Kunkun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
| | - Tao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China E-mail:
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Dong M, Xue X, Kumar A, Yang H, Sayyed MI, Liu S, Bu E. A novel method of utilization of hot dip galvanizing slag using the heat waste from itself for protection from radiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 344:602-614. [PMID: 29112919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel, unconventional, low cost, eco-friendly and effective shielding materials have been made utilizing the hot dip galvanizing slag using the heat waste from itself, thereby saving the natural resources and preventing the environmental pollution. SEM-EDS of shielding materials indicates that the other elements are distributed in Zn element. The mass attenuation properties of shielding materials were measured using a narrow beam geometrical setup at 0.662MeV, 1.17MeV and 1.33MeV. The half value thickness layer, effective atomic number, and electron density were used to analyze the shielding performance of the materials. The EBFs and EABFs for the prepared shielding materials were also studied with incident photon energy for penetration depths upto 40mfp. The shielding effectiveness has been compared with lead, iron, zinc, some standard shielding concretes, different glasses and some alloys. The shielding effectiveness of the prepared samples is almost found comparable to iron, zinc, selected alloys and glasses while better than some standard shielding concretes. In addition, it is also found that the bending strength of all shielding materials is more than 110MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Dong
- Department of Resource and Environment, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Resources Recycling Science, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Xiangxin Xue
- Department of Resource and Environment, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Resources Recycling Science, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Physics, University College, Benra, Dhuri, Punjab, India
| | - He Yang
- Department of Resource and Environment, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Resources Recycling Science, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - M I Sayyed
- Physics Department, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Resource and Environment, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Resources Recycling Science, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Erjun Bu
- Department of Resource and Environment, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Resources Recycling Science, Shenyang 110819, China
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Kang C, Bao S, Chen B, Zhong Y, Huang D, Wang Y, Xue H, Tian T. Photoconversion of 2-Chloronaphthalene in Water. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 99:415-421. [PMID: 28780636 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The photoconversion of 2-chloronaphthalene (CN-2) in water in a simulated sunlight system was investigated. The photoconversion efficiency, photoproducts and mechanisms were inspected, and the effects of inorganic ions (NO3-, NO2-) and fulvic acid (FA) were discussed. The results showed that CN-2 could be transformed in water under the irradiation. NO3- and NO2- promoted the photoconversion of CN-2 owing to ·OH generated by the photolysis of NO3- and NO2-; FA at a lower concentration promoted the photoconversion, but it had an inhibition effect at a higher concentration. It was demonstrated that the acidic conditions promoted the photoconversion of CN-2 by the active groups such as superoxide radical anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical produced in the system. Eight photoproducts of CN-2 were characterized by the GC-MS method and the possible photoconversion mechanisms were proposed accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Kang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Siqi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Baiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yubo Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Honghai Xue
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Tao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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Jin R, Zhan J, Liu G, Zhao Y, Zheng M. Variations and factors that influence the formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in cement kilns co-processing solid waste. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 315:117-125. [PMID: 27187059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pilot studies of unintentionally produced pollutants should be performed before waste being co-processed in cement kilns. Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) formation and emission from cement kilns co-processing sorted municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, and waste acid, however, have not previously been studied. Here, PCNs were analyzed in stack gas samples and solid samples from different stages of three cement production runs. PCN destruction efficiencies were higher when waste was co-processed (93.1% and 88.7% in two tests) than when waste was not co-processed (39.1%), so co-processing waste would not increase PCN outputs. The PCN concentrations were higher in particle samples from the C1 preheater and stages at back end of kiln than in particle samples from other stages, suggesting that cyclone preheater and back end of kiln should be focused for controlling PCN emissions. Besides that, based on the variation of PCN concentrations and corresponding operating conditions in different stages, the temperature, feeding materials, and chlorine content were suggested as the main factors influencing PCN formation. The PCN homologue and congener profiles suggested chlorination and dechlorination were the main PCN formation and decomposition pathways, and congeners CN-23, CN-46, and CN-59 appear to be appropriate indicators of PCNs emitted from coal-burning sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiayu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Sciences Research, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Wang M, Liu W, Hou M, Li Q, Han Y, Liu G, Li H, Liao X, Chen X, Zheng M. Removal of polychlorinated naphthalenes by desulfurization and emissions of polychlorinated naphthalenes from sintering plant. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26444. [PMID: 27197591 PMCID: PMC4873742 DOI: 10.1038/srep26444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The sintering flue gas samples were collected at the inlets and outlets of the desulfurization systems to evaluate the influence of the systems on PCNs emission concentrations, profiles, and emission factors. The PCNs concentrations at the inlets and outlets were 27888-153672 pg m(-3) and 11988-42245 pg m(-3),respectively. Desulfurization systems showed excellent removal for PCNs, and the removal efficiencies of PCNs increase with increasing chlorination level. Lower chlorinated homologs are more sensitive to the desulfurization process than higher ones. High levels of PCNs were also detected in the gypsum (11600-29720 pg g(-1)) and fly ash samples (4946-64172 pg g(-1)). The annual total emissions of PCNs released to flue gas and gypsum from the sintering plants were about 394 kg, 48.5% of which was in gypsum. The surface area of the fly ash samples increased significantly from the first to the fourth stage of the series-connected electrostatic precipitator, accompanying obvious rising of concentration of PCNs in the fly ash samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meifang Hou
- School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuebin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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