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Dou D, He M, Liu J, Xiao S, Gao F, An W, Qi L. Occurrence, distribution characteristics and exposure assessment of perchlorate in the environment in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134805. [PMID: 38843632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Recognizing the extent of perchlorate pollution in the environment is critical to preventing and mitigating potential perchlorate harm to human health. The presence and distribution of perchlorate in Chinese environmental matrixes (water, atmosphere, and soil) were systematically investigated and comprehensively analyzed, and cumulative perchlorate exposure at the regional level was assessed using a combined aggregate exposure pathway method. The results showed that perchlorate is ubiquitous in the environment of China with significant regional differences. The total perchlorate exposure levels in each region of China ranked as South China > Southwest China > East China > North China > Northeast China > Northwest China. Although the average exposure dose of 0.588 (95 %CI: 0.142 -1.914) μg/kg bw/day being lower than the reference dose of 0.70 μg/kg bw/day, it was observed that the intake of perchlorate in some regions exceed this reference dose. Oral ingestion was the primary route of perchlorate exposure (89.97-96.57 % of the total intake), followed by dermal contact (3.21-9.16 %) and respiratory inhalation. Food and drinking water were the main sources of total perchlorate intake, contributing 52.54 % and 31.12 % respectively, with the latter contributing significantly more in southern China than in northern China. In addition, perchlorate exposure from dust sources was also noteworthy, as its contribution was as high as 23.18 % in some regions. These findings will improve understanding of the perchlorate risk and serve as a critical reference for policymakers in crafting improved environmental management and risk mitigation strategies in China and other nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diancheng Dou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Ming He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Shumin Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China.
| | - Fu Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Wei An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Li Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
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Zheng Q, Qiu H, Zhu Z, Gong W, Zhang D, Ma J, Chen X, Yang J, Lin Y, Lu S. Perchlorate in fine particulate matter in Shenzhen, China, and implications for human inhalation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2857-2867. [PMID: 36076152 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of perchlorate in military and aerospace industries raises potential exposure risks for humans. Previous studies have mainly focused on perchlorate in drinking water, foodstuffs and dust, while its exposure in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has received less attention. Thus, we investigated its concentrations and temporal variability in PM2.5 from October 2020 to September 2021 in Shenzhen, southern China. We also assessed the native population's intake and uptake of perchlorate in PM2.5 via inhalation. Measured PM2.5 concentrations in samples from Shenzhen ranged from 2.0 to 91.9 μg m-3. According to air quality guidelines proposed by the World Health Organization, 12.7% of all the samples exceeded interim target 1 (> 35 μg m-3), and only 37.3% met interim target 3 (< 15 μg m-3). Logistic regression analysis showed that perchlorate concentrations positively correlated with the PM2.5 concentrations and negatively correlated with precipitation. The median estimated daily intake (EDI) was highest for infants (0.029 ng kg-1 day-1), and both EDIs and estimated daily uptakes (EDUs) gradually decreased with age. All the EDIs and EDUs were below the reference dose provided by the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS), indicating that exposure to perchlorate in PM2.5 posed negligible health risks for Shenzhen residents. However, the exposure of infants and specific groups who tend to be more highly exposed than average still warrants attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhi Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hongmei Qiu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weiran Gong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jialei Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuli Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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3
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Validation of an optimised microwave-assisted acid digestion method for trace and ultra-trace elements in indoor PM 2.5 by ICP-MS analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12844. [PMID: 36691535 PMCID: PMC9860410 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three microwave-assisted digestion procedures, followed by analysis of digestates employing inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were evaluated for use in the determination of elements at trace and ultra-trace levels in PM2.5 samples. Digestion procedure 1 used 2.5 mL HNO3 (65%) at 200 °C. Procedure 2, consisted of a two-stage digestion step at 200 °C with 2.5 mL HNO3 (65%) and 3 μL HF (48%) followed by 24 μL H3BO3 (5%). A 10-fold increase in the amounts of HF and H3BO3 was used for procedure 3. The addition of HF/H3BO3 was carried out to aid the dissolution of silicate matrices and refractory compounds. The digestions were carried out using PTFE ultra-trace inserts which increased the sample throughput threefold. The addition of small quantities of HF resulted in the effective solubilisation of Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Cd, Sb and Pb. The optimal method using HNO3/HF/H3BO3 digestion as in procedure 3 showed recovery efficiency greater than 70% for all elements. The validated method was applied to quantify the elemental content of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 (with samples <0.5 mg) at an urban background site in Malta.
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Wang C, Chen H, Zhu L, Liu X, Lu C. Accurate, sensitive and rapid determination of perchlorate in tea by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3592-3599. [PMID: 32701081 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00811g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is an environmental contaminant interrupting thyroid hormone production, and perchlorate in tea has raised wide concern recently. In this study, an accurate method was developed for the determination of perchlorate in tea using hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and a simplified QuEChERS procedure. The method utilized a zwitterion HILIC column for separation, and the optimal gradient eluents consisted of acetonitrile and aqueous solution with 0.1% formic acid and 20 mmol L-1 ammonium formate. Calibration curves were fitted by the quadratic model with 1/x weight instead of the linear model. As perchlorate was only partially extractable when using acetonitrile or methanol as the extraction solvent, acetonitrile/water (1 : 1, v/v) was chosen to extract perchlorate from tea samples. Graphitized carbon black was used as the dispersive solid phase extraction sorbent to clean up tea extracts. The method exhibited satisfactory accuracy with recoveries of 81.4-100.9% and relative standard deviations of 1.3-14.5% for green and black teas. The limit of quantitation was 0.005 mg kg-1, while the limits of detection were 0.0011 mg kg-1 for green tea and 0.0013 mg kg-1 for black tea, indicating an excellent sensitivity of this method. A 100% positive rate of perchlorate was found in 100 real tea samples, and the concentrations ranged from 0.0030 mg kg-1 to 0.78 mg kg-1. This accurate, sensitive and rapid method would be suitable for monitoring, risk assessment and source identification of perchlorate in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Taira M, Sakakibara K, Saeki K, Ohira SI, Toda K. Determination of oxoanions and water-soluble species of arsenic, selenium, antimony, vanadium, and chromium eluted in water from airborne fine particles (PM 2.5): effect of acid and transition metal content of particles on heavy metal elution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1514-1524. [PMID: 32555872 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00135j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in particulate matter (PM) are of great concern, and their effects on the environment and human health depend on their solubilities and species present. In this study, the solubility of As, Se, Sb, V and Cr and their species eluted in water was investigated. As, Se, Sb, and V were present mostly in fine particles, and they were predominantly water-soluble in fine particles (<2.5 μm, PM2.5) but insoluble in coarse particles (>2.5 μm). Solubility of Cr was poor even in fine particles. It was found that for fine particles, solubilities of the heavy metals were related to the nitrate and sulfate contents. This suggests that the higher the acidity of the particles, the higher the solubility of the heavy metals. Oxoanions of the five kinds of heavy metals in water extracts of fine particles were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry preceded by ion chromatography. The results suggested the presence of atmospheric oxidation during the aerosol transportation. Also, the As(iii)/As(v) (arsenite/arsenate) ratios for the fine particle extracts were related to the transition metal concentrations, which indicated that Fe, Cu, etc. in fine particles affected the As redox equilibrium. It was suggested that the heavy metals exist as complexes with iron hydroxide and dissolved organic matter in addition to the free oxoanions. These investigations were performed for PM samples collected in winter and summer in Kumamoto, west Japan, where the site is strongly exposed to westerly winds from continental East Asia. The obtained results improve our understanding of the behavior of the heavy metals in airborne PM after depositing on a wet environment and biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Taira
- Department of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
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6
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Van Stempvoort DR, MacKay DR, Brown SJ, Collins P. Environmental fluxes of perchlorate in rural catchments, Ontario, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137426. [PMID: 32325562 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative information about fluxes of perchlorate in the environment is lacking. This study reports analyses of perchlorate in various environmental waters sampled from rural headwater catchments in the Thames River basin in southern Ontario (Canada) that provide evidence about the fluxes and fate of perchlorate in the environment. Concentrations in streams (16 to 1047 ng/L) were used to estimate exports from these rural catchments (228-1843 mg/(ha·year)), atmospheric deposition (1480 ± 230 mg/(ha·year)), as well as variable rates of microbial degradation of perchlorate, which appeared to be enhanced in catchments with higher percentages of wetlands. Groundwater data supported earlier evidence that degradation of perchlorate occurs in the subsurface under oxygen-depleted conditions. The stream data suggest that the rate of degradation varies strongly between catchments and ranges up to >1000 mg/(ha·year).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Van Stempvoort
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - D Ross MacKay
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Susan J Brown
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Pamela Collins
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
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7
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Li Y, Liao R, Gan Z, Qu B, Wang R, Chen M, Ding S, Su S. Seasonal Variation and Exposure Risks of Perchlorate in Soil, Indoor Dust, and Outdoor Dust in China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:367-376. [PMID: 29691615 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A total of 97 paired soil, outdoor dust, and indoor dust samples were collected in the national scale of China in summer, and the perchlorate levels were compared with those in soil and outdoor dust samples collected in winter in our previous study. The median perchlorate concentrations in the outdoor dust, indoor dust, and soil samples were 8.10, 11.4, and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the winter samples due to the natural factors and human activities. No significant differences in perchlorate concentrations were found between Northern and Southern China in the dust samples, whereas the difference was obtained in the soil samples. In the terms of possible source, the perchlorate levels in the outdoor dust exhibited strong correlation with SO42- (r2 = 0.458**) and NO3- (r2 = 0.389**), indicating part of perchlorate in outdoor environment was likely from atmospheric oxidative process in summer. The perchlorate, SO42-, and Cl- levels in the indoor dust were significantly related to those in the outdoor dust, suggesting that outdoor contaminants might be an important source for indoor environment. Furthermore, the human exposure to perchlorate was under relatively safe state in China except for special sites or periods with high perchlorate levels. Dust made an unexpected contribution of 41.3% to the total daily perchlorate intake for children, whereas 2.46% for adults in China based on biomonitoring, which deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ruoying Liao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Bing Qu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Mengqin Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Sanglan Ding
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shijun Su
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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8
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Shen H, Sun M, Hu M, Cheng J. Design and controllable synthesis of ethylenediamine-grafted ion imprinted magnetic polymers for highly selective adsorption to perchlorate. RSC Adv 2018; 8:29928-29938. [PMID: 35547276 PMCID: PMC9085380 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of ethylenediamine-grafted ion imprinted magnetic polymers (Fe3O4@IIPs) were synthesized via ultrasonic assisted suspension polymerization with perchlorate (ClO4−) as an ion imprinting template. They were characterized by XRD, EA, VSM, FTIR and XPS and applied as adsorbents for ClO4− removal from aqueous solutions. The effects of the usage amount of crosslinking agent divinylbenzene (DVB) used for preparation on the structure and the adsorptive performance of Fe3O4@IIPs were investigated. The results show that the Fe3O4@IIPs have an average size of 200–800 nm, which increases with the increase of the amount of DVB from 0 to 2 g during the preparation process. The saturation magnetization intensities are at 35.6–42.8 emu g−1, which decrease with the increase of the usage amount of DVB. The addition of DVB is beneficial to the formation and stability of the ion imprinted cavity of Fe3O4@IIPs. The effects of the solution pH value, initial concentration of ClO4−, and adsorption time on the adsorption properties of ClO4− in aqueous solutions were investigated. The results show that the adsorption capability is affected significantly by solution pH value and reaches the maximum adsorption capacity at pH 3.0. The best adsorption capacity and selectivity of Fe3O4@IIPs to ClO4− can be obtained when the usage amount of DVB is at 0.5 g for synthesis. The adsorption mechanisms might include both ion exchange and electrostatic interaction. The isothermal adsorption curves mainly obey the Langmuir model with the theoretical maximum adsorption capacities (qm,c) at 76.92–111.1 mg g−1 and the experimental maximum adsorption capacities (qm,e) at 75.7–108.9 mg g−1, respectively, which are much higher than those of the non-ion imprinted material (Fe3O4@NIP, qm,NIP: qm,c at 60.61 mg g−1 and qm,e at 59.0 mg g−1). The adsorption kinetic studies show that the adsorption processes reach equilibrium within 10 min and the kinetic data are well fitted to the pseudo-second-order model. There is almost no interference by the coexisting anions for the selective adsorption of ClO4−, with a imprinting factor (α) at 1.8, and selectivity factor (β) larger than 5.9 for several kinds of common co-existing anions, respectively. The Fe3O4@IIPs are ideal candidates for removal of ClO4− from aqueous solution. A series of ethylenediamine-grafted ion imprinted magnetic polymers (Fe3O4@IIPs) were synthesized via ultrasonic assisted suspension polymerization with perchlorate (ClO4−) as an ion imprinting template.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Shen
- Ningbo Institute of Technology
- Zhejiang University
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Meina Sun
- Greentown Agricultural Testing Technology Co., Ltd
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Meiqin Hu
- Ningbo Institute of Technology
- Zhejiang University
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Jinjin Cheng
- Ningbo Institute of Technology
- Zhejiang University
- Ningbo
- China
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9
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Tang Y, Zhong B, Qu B, Feng S, Ding S, Su S, Li Z, Gan Z. Occurrence of perchlorate in groundwater, paired farmland soil, lettuce, and rhizosphere soil from Chengdu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:752-757. [PMID: 28440376 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00114b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of 28 groundwater, paired farmland soil, lettuce, and its rhizosphere soil samples were collected from Chengdu, China to detect perchlorate levels and to evaluate the relationships of perchlorate concentrations among these matrices. The perchlorate concentrations in the groundwater, farmland soil, lettuce, and rhizosphere soil samples ranged from below detection limit to 60.2 μg L-1, from below detection limit to 249 μg kg-1 dry weight (dw), from 2.07 to 1010 μg kg-1 wet weight, and from below detection limit to 314 μg kg-1 dw, respectively. Significant correlation was found in the perchlorate levels among the farmland soil, lettuce, and rhizosphere soil, suggesting that they have common pollution sources, or perchlorate might transfer from farmland soil-rhizosphere soil-plant. However, there is no significant correlation between groundwater and the other three matrices, indicating that infiltration from perchlorate contaminated farmland soil was not the predominant source for groundwater pollution in Chengdu. The perchlorate concentrations in the farmland soil and lettuce samples were significantly higher than those in the rhizosphere soil, primarily due to uptake of perchlorate through the rhizosphere micro-environment by lettuce, or accelerated degradation by rhizospheric microorganisms, which contributed more needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Tang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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10
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Calderón R, Godoy F, Escudey M, Palma P. A review of perchlorate (ClO 4-) occurrence in fruits and vegetables. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:82. [PMID: 28130763 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s, a large number of studies around the world have reported the presence of perchlorate in different types of environmental matrices. In view of their inherent characteristics, such as high solubility, mobility, persistence, and low affinity for the surface of soil, perchlorates are mobilized through the water-soil system and accumulate in edible plant species of high human consumption. However, the ingestion of food products containing perchlorate represents a potential health risk to people due to their adverse effects on thyroid, hormone, and neuronal development, mainly in infants and fetuses. At present, research has been centered on determining sources, fates, and remediation methods and not on its real extension in vegetables under farming conditions. This review presents a comprehensive overview and update of the frequent detection of perchlorate in fruits and vegetables produced and marketed around the world. Additionally, the impact of fertilizer on the potential addition of perchlorate to soil and its mobility in the water-soil-plant system is discussed. This review is organized into the following sections: sources of perchlorate, mobility in the water-soil system, presence in fruits and vegetables in different countries, international regulations, and toxicological studies. Finally, recommendations for future studies concerning perchlorate in fruits and vegetables are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Calderón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA La Platina, Santa Rosa, 11610, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Fabrica 1990, segundo piso, Santiago, Chile.
| | - F Godoy
- Centro i-mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue Km 6, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - M Escudey
- Facultad de Química and Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, C 40-33, 7254758, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, 9170124, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Palma
- Laboratorio de Salu Pública, Ambiental y Laboral, SEREMI de Salud Región Metropolitana, San Diego 630, piso 8, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Han B, Hu LW, Bai Z. Human Exposure Assessment for Air Pollution. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1017:27-57. [PMID: 29177958 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5657-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of human exposure to air pollution is a fundamental part of the more general process of health risk assessment. The measurement methods for exposure assessment now include personal exposure monitoring, indoor-outdoor sampling, mobile monitoring, and exposure assessment modeling (such as proximity models, interpolation model, air dispersion models, and land-use regression (LUR) models). Among these methods, personal exposure measurement is considered to be the most accurate method of pollutant exposure assessment until now, since it can better quantify observed differences and better reflect exposure among smaller groups of people at ground level. And since the great differences of geographical environment, source distribution, pollution characteristics, economic conditions, and living habits, there is a wide range of differences between indoor, outdoor, and individual air pollution exposure in different regions of China. In general, the indoor particles in most Chinese families comprise infiltrated outdoor particles, particles generated indoors, and a few secondary organic aerosol particles, and in most cases, outdoor particle pollution concentrations are a major contributor to indoor concentrations in China. Furthermore, since the time, energy, and expense are limited, it is difficult to measure the concentration of pollutants for each individual. In recent years, obtaining the concentration of air pollutants by using a variety of exposure assessment models is becoming a main method which could solve the problem of the increasing number of individuals in epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.,Atmospheric Chemistry & Aerosol Division, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District,, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China. .,Atmospheric Chemistry & Aerosol Division, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.
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12
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Kumarathilaka P, Oze C, Indraratne SP, Vithanage M. Perchlorate as an emerging contaminant in soil, water and food. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:667-677. [PMID: 26868023 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate ( [Formula: see text] ) is a strong oxidizer and has gained significant attention due to its reactivity, occurrence, and persistence in surface water, groundwater, soil and food. Stable isotope techniques (i.e., ((18)O/(16)O and (17)O/(16)O) and (37)Cl/(35)Cl) facilitate the differentiation of naturally occurring perchlorate from anthropogenic perchlorate. At high enough concentrations, perchlorate can inhibit proper function of the thyroid gland. Dietary reference dose (RfD) for perchlorate exposure from both food and water is set at 0.7 μg kg(-1) body weight/day which translates to a drinking water level of 24.5 μg L(-1). Chromatographic techniques (i.e., ion chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry) can be successfully used to detect trace level of perchlorate in environmental samples. Perchlorate can be effectively removed by wide variety of remediation techniques such as bio-reduction, chemical reduction, adsorption, membrane filtration, ion exchange and electro-reduction. Bio-reduction is appropriate for large scale treatment plants whereas ion exchange is suitable for removing trace level of perchlorate in aqueous medium. The environmental occurrence of perchlorate, toxicity, analytical techniques, removal technologies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Kumarathilaka
- Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Christopher Oze
- Geology Department, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Rd., Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - S P Indraratne
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
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Li Y, Shen Y, Pi L, Hu W, Chen M, Luo Y, Li Z, Su S, Ding S, Gan Z. Particle size distribution and perchlorate levels in settled dust from urban roads, parks, and roofs in Chengdu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:72-77. [PMID: 26608047 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00435g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A total of 27 settled dust samples were collected from urban roads, parks, and roofs in Chengdu, China to investigate particle size distribution and perchlorate levels in different size fractions. Briefly, fine particle size fractions (<250 μm) were the dominant composition in the settled dust samples, with mean percentages of 80.2%, 69.5%, and 77.2% for the urban roads, roofs, and the parks, respectively. Perchlorate was detected in all of the size-fractionated dust samples, with concentrations ranging from 73.0 to 6160 ng g(-1), and the median perchlorate levels increased with decreasing particle size. The perchlorate level in the finest fraction (<63 μm) was significantly higher than those in the coarser fractions. To our knowledge, this is the first report on perchlorate concentrations in different particle size fractions. The calculated perchlorate loadings revealed that perchlorate was mainly associated with finer particles (<125 μm). An exposure assessment indicated that exposure to perchlorate via settled road dust intake is safe to both children and adults in Chengdu, China. However, due to perchlorate mainly existing in fine particles, there is a potential for perchlorate to transfer into surface water and the atmosphere by runoff and wind erosion or traffic emission, and this could act as an important perchlorate pollution source for the indoor environment, and merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yang Shen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Lu Pi
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Wenli Hu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Mengqin Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Shijun Su
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Sanglan Ding
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Ai Z, Mak C. From street canyon microclimate to indoor environmental quality in naturally ventilated urban buildings: Issues and possibilities for improvement. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2015; 94:489-503. [PMID: 32288035 PMCID: PMC7116918 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many buildings in urban areas are more or less naturally ventilated. A good understanding of the current status and issues of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in naturally ventilated urban buildings and the association with urban microclimate is fundamental for improving their IEQ. This paper reviews past studies on (a) the microclimate in urban street canyons, (b) the potential influence of such microclimate on IEQ of nearby naturally ventilated buildings, and (c) the real-life IEQ status in these buildings. The review focuses mainly on studies conducted by on-site measurements. The microclimate in urban street canyons is characterized by low wind speed, high surface temperature difference, high pollutant concentration, and high noise level. Insufficient ventilation rates and excessive penetration of outdoor pollutants are two key risks involved in naturally ventilated urban buildings. Existing knowledge suggests that reasonable urban planning and careful building envelope design are the primary methods to ensure acceptable IEQ and maximize the utilization of natural ventilation. However, quantitative studies of both microclimate in street canyons and IEQ in buildings are still highly insufficient in many aspects, which make cross comparison and influencing factors analysis currently impossible. Based on the limitations of previous studies and the current issues of naturally ventilated urban buildings, suggestions are made for future studies to better understand and improve IEQ in naturally ventilated urban buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C.M. Mak
- Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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