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Serrà A, Zhang Y, Sepúlveda B, Gómez E, Nogués J, Michler J, Philippe L. Highly reduced ecotoxicity of ZnO-based micro/nanostructures on aquatic biota: Influence of architecture, chemical composition, fixation, and photocatalytic efficiency. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115210. [PMID: 31670084 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient sunlight photocatalysts with enhanced photocorrosion resistance and minimal ecotoxicological effects on aquatic biota is critical to combat water contamination. Here, the role of chemical composition, architecture, and fixation on the ecotoxicological effects on microalgae of different ZnO and ZnO@ZnS based water decontamination photocatalysts was analyzed in depth. In particular, the ecotoxicological effects of films, nanoparticles and biomimetic micro/nano-ferns were carefully assessed by correlating the algae's viability to the Zn(II) release, the photocatalyst-microalgae interaction, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results showed a drastic improvement in algal viability for supported ZnO@ZnS core@shell micro/nanoferns, as their ecotoxicity after 96 h light exposure was significantly lower (3.7-10.0% viability loss) compared to the ZnO films (18.4-35.5% loss), ZnO micro/nanoferns (28.5-53.5% loss), ZnO nanoparticles (48.3-91.7% loss) or ZnO@ZnS nanoparticles (8.6-19.2% loss) for catalysts concentrations ranging from 25 mg L-1 to 400 mg L-1. In particular, the ZnO@ZnS micro/nanoferns with a concentration of 400 mg L-1 exhibited excellent photocatalytic efficiency to mineralize a multi-pollutant solution (81.4 ± 0.3% mineralization efficiency after 210 min under UV-filtered visible light irradiation) and minimal photocorrosion (<5% of photocatalyst dissolution after 96 h of UV-filtered visible light irradiation). Remarkably, the ZnO@ZnS micro/nanoferns showed lower loss of algal viability (9.8 ± 1.1%) after 96 h of light exposure, with minimal reduction in microalgal biomass (9.1 ± 1.0%), as well as in the quantity of chlorophyll-a (9.5 ± 1.0%), carotenoids (8.6 ± 0.9%) and phycocyanin (5.6 ± 0.6%). Altogether, the optimized ZnO@ZnS core@shell micro/nanoferns represent excellent ecofriendly photocatalysts for water remediation in complex media, as they combine enhanced sunlight remediation efficiency, minimal adverse effects on biological microorganisms, high reusability and easy recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Serrà
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602, Thun, Switzerland.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Sepúlveda
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elvira Gómez
- Grup d'Electrodeposició de Capes Primes i Nanoestructures (GE-CPN), Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, E-08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN(2)UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Nogués
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, E-08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johann Michler
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Philippe
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602, Thun, Switzerland
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Cerro-Gálvez E, Sala MM, Marrasé C, Gasol JM, Dachs J, Vila-Costa M. Modulation of microbial growth and enzymatic activities in the marine environment due to exposure to organic contaminants of emerging concern and hydrocarbons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:486-498. [PMID: 31077927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants are continuously being introduced in seawater with uncharacterized impacts on the engines of the marine biogeochemical cycles, the microorganisms. The effects on marine microbial communities were assessed for perfluoroalkyl substances, organophosphate esters flame retardants and plasticizers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and n-alkanes. Dose-response experiments were performed at three stations and at three depths in the NW Mediterranean with contrasted nutrient and pollutant concentrations. In these experiments, the microbial growth rates, the abundances of the main bacterial groups, measured by Catalyzed Reporter Deposition Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (CARD-FISH), and extracellular enzymatic activities, were quantified. Increasing concentrations of organic pollutants (OPs) promoted different responses in the communities that were compound, organism and nutrient availability (trophic status). The largest differences between OP treatments and controls in the growth rates of both heterotrophic and phototrophic microbial groups were observed in seawater from the deep chlorophyll maxima. Furthermore, there was a compound specific stimulation of different extracellular enzymatic activities after the exposure to OPs. Our results revealed that marine microbial communities reacted not only to hydrocarbons, known to be used as a carbon source, but also to low concentrations of organic pollutants of emerging concern in a complex manner, reflecting the variability of various environmental variables. Multiple linear regressions suggested that organic pollutants modulated the bacterial growth and extracellular enzymatic activities, but this modulation was of lower magnitude than the observed pronounced response of the microbial community to nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cerro-Gálvez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - M Montserrat Sala
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Cèlia Marrasé
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Maria Vila-Costa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
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Deschutter Y, De Schamphelaere K, Everaert G, Mensens C, De Troch M. Seasonal and spatial fatty acid profiling of the calanoid copepods Temora longicornis and Acartia clausi linked to environmental stressors in the North Sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 144:92-101. [PMID: 30638843 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Belgian part of the North Sea (BPNS) is subjected to multiple environmental stressors. The impact of these stressors includes the modulation of fatty acid (FA) composition of the zooplankton. This study recorded temporal and spatial patterns of the FA profiles of two dominant calanoid copepods within the BPNS: Temora longicornis (Müller, 1785) and Acartia clausi (Giesbrecht, 1889). By means of distance-based linear modelling and by applying multi model inference to generalized additive models, environmental stressors were linked to patterns of the FA profiles of these species. The FA profiles of A. clausi and T. longicornis showed distinct intraspecific, spatial and temporal differences within the BPNS. Temperature and algal food quality (marked by the ratio of silicate concentration to dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentration, SiO4/DIN) were the most important drivers of seasonal fluctuations in the DHA/EPA ratio of both species. DHA/EPA ratio can be used as marker for stress in copepods in the BPNS in order to have a quick indication of food quality changes at the basis of the food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Deschutter
- Ghent University, Marine Biology, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karel De Schamphelaere
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gert Everaert
- Flanders Marine Institute, Wandelaarkaai 7, B-8400, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Christoph Mensens
- Ghent University, Marine Biology, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen De Troch
- Ghent University, Marine Biology, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Deschutter Y, Everaert G, De Schamphelaere K, De Troch M. Relative contribution of multiple stressors on copepod density and diversity dynamics in the Belgian part of the North Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 125:350-359. [PMID: 28958440 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of multiple stressors on marine ecosystems is poorly understood. To partially bridge this knowledge gap we investigated the relative contribution of environmental variables to density and diversity dynamics of the zooplankton community in the Belgian part of the North Sea. We applied multimodel inference on generalized additive models to quantify the relative contribution of chlorophyll a, temperature, nutrients, salinity and anthropogenic chemicals (i.e. polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) to the dynamics of calanoid copepod species in the Belgian part of the North Sea. Temperature was the only predictor consistently showing a high importance in all models predicting the abundances of the selected copepod species. The relative contribution of other predictors was species-dependent. Anthropogenic chemicals were important predictors for three out of six species indicating that chemical mixtures at low concentrations should not be left unattended when performing risk assessments in a natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Deschutter
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Marine Biology, Krijgslaan 281 - S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Gert Everaert
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Wandelaarkaai 7, B-8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Karel De Schamphelaere
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen De Troch
- Ghent University, Marine Biology, Krijgslaan 281 - S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Franco A, Price OR, Marshall S, Jolliet O, Van den Brink PJ, Rico A, Focks A, De Laender F, Ashauer R. Toward refined environmental scenarios for ecological risk assessment of down-the-drain chemicals in freshwater environments. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:233-248. [PMID: 27260272 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Current regulatory practice for chemical risk assessment suffers from the lack of realism in conventional frameworks. Despite significant advances in exposure and ecological effect modeling, the implementation of novel approaches as high-tier options for prospective regulatory risk assessment remains limited, particularly among general chemicals such as down-the-drain ingredients. While reviewing the current state of the art in environmental exposure and ecological effect modeling, we propose a scenario-based framework that enables a better integration of exposure and effect assessments in a tiered approach. Global- to catchment-scale spatially explicit exposure models can be used to identify areas of higher exposure and to generate ecologically relevant exposure information for input into effect models. Numerous examples of mechanistic ecological effect models demonstrate that it is technically feasible to extrapolate from individual-level effects to effects at higher levels of biological organization and from laboratory to environmental conditions. However, the data required to parameterize effect models that can embrace the complexity of ecosystems are large and require a targeted approach. Experimental efforts should, therefore, focus on vulnerable species and/or traits and ecological conditions of relevance. We outline key research needs to address the challenges that currently hinder the practical application of advanced model-based approaches to risk assessment of down-the-drain chemicals. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:233-248. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franco
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver R Price
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Marshall
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul J Van den Brink
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreu Rico
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalà, Alcalà de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Focks
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik De Laender
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Roman Ashauer
- Environment Department, University of York Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Everaert G, De Laender F, Claessens M, Baert J, Monteyne E, Roose P, Goethals PLM, Janssen CR. Realistic environmental mixtures of hydrophobic compounds do not alter growth of a marine diatom. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 102:58-64. [PMID: 26656802 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we determine whether a realistic mixture of hydrophobic chemicals affects the growth dynamics of a marine diatom and how this effect compares to the effect of temperature, light regime and nutrient conditions. To do so, we examine the specific growth rate of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in a 72 h algal growth inhibition test using a full factorial design with three nutrient regimes, two test temperatures, three light intensities and three chemical exposures. Passive samplers were used to achieve exposure to realistic mixtures of organic chemicals close to ambient concentrations. Nutrient regime, temperature and time interval (24, 48 and 72 h) explained 85% of the observed variability in the experimental data. The variability explained by chemical exposure was about 1%. Overall, ambient concentrations of hydrophobic compounds present in Belgian coastal waters, and for which the passive samplers have affinity, are too low to affect the intrinsic growth rate of P. tricornutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Everaert
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Frederik De Laender
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Baert
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els Monteyne
- Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Model, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Patrick Roose
- Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Model, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Peter L M Goethals
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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