The protective effect of vitamin E against changes in fatty acid composition of phospholipid subclasses in gill tissue of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to deltamethrin

Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of IL-10 and IL-6 in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

IL-10 and IL-6 play important roles in protecting against inflammation and clearing pathogens from the body. In this study, homologous compounds of IL-10 and IL-6 were identified in channel catfish, and their immune responses were analyzed. The CDS sequences of IL-10 and IL-6 were 549 bp and 642 bp, respectively, and showed the highest homology with Ameiurus melas. In addition, the expression of the IL-10 and IL-6 genes was ubiquitous in 10 tissues examined. IL-10 is highly expressed in the liver and slightly expressed in the gill. The high expression of the IL-6 gene was observed in the spleen, heart, and gonad, with the lowest levels in the liver. LPS, Poly(I:C), PHA, and PMA showed a highly significant increase in IL-10 and IL-6 expression 48 h after CCK stimulation (p < 0.01). Otherwise, Yersinia ruckeri, Streptococcus iniae, channel catfish virus, and deltamethrin induced IL-10 and IL-6 expression, varying in intensity between different organs. Our results suggest that IL-10 and IL-6 are involved in the immune response of the host against the pathogen.

In vitro toxicity of glyphosate in Atlantic salmon evaluated with a 3D hepatocyte-kidney co-culture model

A novel 3D Atlantic salmon co-culture model was developed using primary hepatocytes and kidney epithelial cells isolated from the same fish. Mono and co-cultures of primary hepatocytes and kidney epithelial cells were exposed for 48 h to glyphosate (5, 50 and 500 μM). For comparison, cells were also exposed to chlorpyrifos, benzo(a)pyrene and cadmium. Cell staining, cell viability assessments, RT-qPCR and global metabolomic profiling were used to examine the toxicological effects on liver and renal function and to compare responses in 3D and 2D cultures. The 3D hepatocyte cell culture was considered superior to the 2D culture due to the ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (Abcb1) response and was thus used further in co-culture with kidney cells. Metabolomic analysis of co-cultured cells showed that glyphosate exposure (500 μM) altered lipid metabolism in both hepatocytes and kidney cells. Elevated levels of several types of PUFAs and long-chain fatty acids were observed in exposed hepatocytes, owing to increased uptake and phospholipid remodelling. Glyphosate suppressed the expression of estrogen receptor 1 (Esr1) and vitellogenin (Vtg) and altered histidine metabolism in exposed hepatocytes. Increased levels of cholesterol and downregulation of clusterin (Clu) suggest that glyphosate treatment affected membrane stability in Atlantic salmon kidney cells. This study demonstrates the usefulness of applying 3D co-culture models in risk assessment.

Induced alteration of rat erythrocyte membrane with effect of pyrethroid based compounds

The effects of tetramethrin and prallethrin exposure on plasma total proteins, free amino acids, albumins, urea, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine were tested. Serum SGOT, SGPT and lipid profile, antioxidants super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, GSH, G-Px, phospholipids, cholesterol, C/P ratio in membranes of erythrocyte and membrane fluidity were analyzed. The reason of the study were analyzed to examine the possessions of mosquito repellent pyrethroid (MRP) based compounds tetramethrin and prallethrin exposure on plasma profile, antioxidant status of erythrocyte membrane, membrane fluidity in male Wistar rats. We tested chronically for three months exposure every day (continuously for 8-10 h per day by inhalation) of tetramethrin and prallethrin markedly available (MRP) repellents treated on male Wistar rats. Our results confirmed that tetrarmethrin and prallethrin treatment effect of plasma profile alterations, and lipid homeostasis mechanism in Red Blood cells (RBCs). Tetramethrin and prallethrin treatment significantly increased in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and decreased levels of cholesterol with no change of protein content, increased C/P ration levels. Inhalation of tetramethrin and prallethrin stimulate plasma biophysical and biochemical modify SGOT, SGPT, erythrocyte membrane cholesterol and phospholipid levels, individual phospholipids and membrane fluidity of exposure rats compared to controls.