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Wu C, Jin B, Li Z, Xu Y, Ma Y, Cao M, Li H, Huang C, Chen W, Wu H. Using polyacrylamide hydrogel to adsorb chloride ions in cement-based materials. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26960-26966. [PMID: 37692344 PMCID: PMC10486199 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Concrete material is an important engineering material for modern marine engineering construction, but the presence of chloride ions in sea sand and seawater can cause corrosion of reinforcing steel, which greatly endangers the safety of reinforced concrete structures. Gel is an environmental friendly functional material which has the functions of exchange and adsorption of ions. Therefore, in this paper, polyacrylamide (PAM) gels were prepared for chloride ions adsorption in a reinforced concrete system. The chloride ions adsorption behavior of PAM gel in simulated seawater and cement were investigated and the maximum adsorption capacity of chloride ions in simulated seawater was 32.67 mg g-1. In addition, compared with the cement sample without gel, the chloride ion content in the cement sample containing 1.5 wt% gel was reduced 46.8% at a depth of 0-2.5 mm from the sample's surface. The results showed that PAM gel can effectively adsorb the chloride ion and improve the chloride ion penetration resistance in cement because the three-dimensional network structure of PAM gels allowed chloride ions to enter the inside of the gel. This gel has potential applications in the field of marine construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- General Contracting Co., Ltd of China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd Wuhan Hubei 430064 China
| | - Bo Jin
- General Contracting Co., Ltd of China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd Wuhan Hubei 430064 China
| | - Zhenghui Li
- General Contracting Co., Ltd of China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd Wuhan Hubei 430064 China
| | - Yuexin Xu
- General Contracting Co., Ltd of China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd Wuhan Hubei 430064 China
| | - Yutao Ma
- General Contracting Co., Ltd of China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd Wuhan Hubei 430064 China
| | - Meng Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Changmiao Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Wanyu Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Hao Wu
- General Contracting Co., Ltd of China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd Wuhan Hubei 430064 China
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2
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Detailed investigation of effective trace Cr(VI) removal mechanism by anion exchange resin with phenol-formaldehyde matrix. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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High-gravity intensified preparation of D201 resin-hydrated iron oxide nanocomposites for Cr(VI) removal. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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4
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Liu L, Yang Z, Zhao L, Liu J, Liu X, Xue J, Tang A. Removal performance and mechanism of poly(N 1,N 1,N 3,N 3-tetraallylpropane-1,3-diaminium chloride) toward Cr(VI). ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:2450-2463. [PMID: 30624161 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1567825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption characteristic and mechanism of poly(N1,N1,N3,N3-tetraallylpropane-1,3-diaminium chloride) (PTAPDAC) toward Cr(VI) ions were systematically investigated. Results showed that the removal efficiency of PTAPDAC toward Cr(VI) could reach above 98% at pH = 3-6. The equilibrium data of Cr(VI) adsorbed by PTAPDAC fitted the Langmuir model well, and the maximum sorption capacity deduced from the Langmuir model at 293 K was 273.17 mg g-1. The adsorption of PTAPDAC toward Cr(VI) was rapid and reached equilibrium within 60 min, and the adsorption kinetic process was relevant to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Moreover, the activation energy E a was calculated as -22.505 kJ mol-1. The adsorption processes were spontaneous and exothermic driven by an increase in entropy, which involved electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and redox reactions. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that approximately 64.5% of Cr(VI) reduced to be Cr(III), and 24.29% of -C-NH+ deprotonated. The combination of reduced Cr(III) with tertiary amine groups resulted in a positively charged tertiary amine group, which further promoted Cr(VI) adsorption, thereby increasing the adsorption capacity of PTAPDAC toward Cr(VI). Therefore, PTAPDAC has a broad application prospect in removing Cr(VI) ions in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province College Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengchi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province College Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province College Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
| | - Anping Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province College Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
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5
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Pan SY, Syu WJ, Chang TK, Lee CH. A multiple model approach for evaluating the performance of time-lapse capsules in trapping heavy metals from water bodies. RSC Adv 2020; 10:16490-16501. [PMID: 35498829 PMCID: PMC9052951 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article applies multiple approaches for evaluating the effect of operating factors on the adsorption of heavy metals from watershed using time-lapse capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Pan
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei City
- Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jhan Syu
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei City
- Republic of China
| | - Tsun-Kuo Chang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei City
- Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hsun Lee
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei City
- Republic of China
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6
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New highly-percolating alginate-PEI membranes for efficient recovery of chromium from aqueous solutions. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 225:115177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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7
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Yuan Z, Cheng X, Zhong L, Wu R, Zheng Y. Preparation, characterization and performance of an electrospun carbon nanofiber mat applied in hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solution. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 77:75-84. [PMID: 30573108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), a highly toxic oxyanion known as a carcinogen and mutagen, is an issue of concern due to its adverse impact on human health. Therefore, development of effective technologies and/or materials for Cr(VI) removal from water has been of great interest for researchers. In this study, an electrospun carbon nanofiber (CNF) mat was prepared via electrospinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN), followed by thermal pre-oxidation and carbonization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation showed that the fiber diameter of the CNF with carbonization temperature of 950°C (CNF950) was about 266 nm. Potentiometric titration analysis demonstrated that the point of zero charge pH (pHpzc) of CNF950 was around 7.93. CNF950 demonstrated high adsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics for Cr(VI) at pH < 3. Langmuir isotherm calculations showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) on CNF950 was 118.8 mg/g at pH 2. The adsorption isotherm of Cr(VI) on CNF950 was well described by the Redlich-Peterson model, revealing that Cr(VI) adsorption was the result of a combination of monolayer and multilayer adsorption, depending on the initial Cr(VI) concentration. Solution pH greatly affected Cr(VI) adsorption onto CNF950 due to the electrostatic interaction, and the adsorption capacity was relatively high when pH was below 3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that the removal of Cr(VI) might be the result of a combination of redox reaction and electrostatic adsorption. The adsorption-saturated CNF950 could be regenerated by NaOH solution. This study extends the potential applicability of electrospun CNF mats for Cr(VI)-contaminated water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lubin Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Renxiang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuming Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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8
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Sandoval-Olvera IG, González-Muñoz P, Palacio L, Hernández A, Ávila-Rodríguez M, Prádanos P. Ultrafiltration membranes modified by PSS deposition and plasma treatment for Cr(VI) removal. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Chen Y, Xu S, Han S, Chu S, Yang L, Jiang C. Reusable and removable PmPD/PVA membrane for effective Cr(vi) adsorption and reduction. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The PmPD/PVA membranes with facile reusability for and highly effective removal of Cr(vi).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- China
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Shihao Xu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- China
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Shuai Han
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- China
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Suyun Chu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- China
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Liang Yang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- China
| | - Changlong Jiang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- China
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10
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Zang Y, Yue Q, Kan Y, Zhang L, Gao B. Research on adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) by Poly-epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine (EPIDMA) modified weakly basic anion exchange resin D301. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:467-473. [PMID: 29909316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel composite, EPIDMA/D301, with high adsorption capacity and particular affinity toward Cr(Ⅵ) was well prepared utilizing cationic polyelectrolyte poly-epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine (EPIDMA) impregnated in the networking pores of the styrene macroporous weak basic anion exchange resin D301. The physicochemical characteristics of EPIDMA/D301 were characterized by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), zeta potential, FTIR, SEM-Mapping and XPS. The adsorption properties were researched via the influence of the concentration of EPIDMA, adsorbent dose, pH, the initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) solution, contact time and temperature. Results presented that the weakly basic anion exchange resin supported cationic polymer showed the excellent potential of removing Cr(VI) ions primarily due to the nonspecific Cr(VI) adsorption resulted from the polymeric host D301, the electrostatic attraction of amino groups fixed on the D301 matrix and the embedded EPIDMA with Cr(VI) ions and the ion exchange by the displacement of Cl- mainly derived from EPIDMA with Cr(VI) ions. The kinetic data were best fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The batch equilibrium data followed Langmuir isotherm model well with the maximum adsorption capacity of 194 mg g-1 at 25 °C, which demonstrated that the styrene anion exchange resin modified with EPIDMA might be an efficient approach to eliminate potentially toxic metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yujiao Kan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Longlong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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11
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Xu J, Cao Z, Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Lou Z, Xu X, Wang X. A review of functionalized carbon nanotubes and graphene for heavy metal adsorption from water: Preparation, application, and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:351-364. [PMID: 29272803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials, especially carbon nanotubes and graphene, have drawn wide attention in recent years as novel materials for environmental applications. Notably, the functionalized derivatives of carbon nanotubes and graphene with high surface area and adsorption sites are proposed to remove heavy metals via adsorption, addressing the pressing pollution of heavy metal. This critical revies assesses the recent development of various functionalized carbon nanotubes and graphene that are used to remove heavy metals from contaminated water, including the preparation and characterization methods of functionalized carbon nanotubes and graphene, their applications for heavy metal adsorption, effects of water chemistry on the adsorption capacity, and decontamination mechanism. Future research directions have also been proposed with the goal of further improving their adsorption performance, the feasibility of industrial applications, and better simulating adsorption mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, USA
| | - Zhen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, USA
| | - Zilin Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, USA
| | - Zimo Lou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xinhua Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Xiangke Wang
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
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12
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Dixit F, Barbeau B, Mohseni M. Simultaneous uptake of NOM and Microcystin-LR by anion exchange resins: Effect of inorganic ions and resin regeneration. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:113-121. [PMID: 29100119 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficiency of a strongly basic macroporous anion exchange resin for the co-removal of Microcystin-LR (MCLR) and natural organic matter (NOM) in waters affected by toxic algal blooms. Environmental factors influencing the uptake behavior included MCLR and resin concentrations, NOM and anionic species, specifically nitrate, sulphate and bicarbonate. A860 resin exhibited an excellent adsorption capacity of 3800 μg/g; more than 60% of the MCLR removal was achieved within 10 min with a resin dosage of 200 mg/L (∼1 mL/L). Further, kinetic studies revealed that the overall removal of MCLR is influenced by both external diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. Increasing NOM concentration resulted in a significant reduction of MCLR uptake, especially at lower resin dosages, where a competitive uptake between the charged NOM fractions and MCLR was observed due to limited active sites. In addition, MCLR uptake was significantly reduced in the presence of sulphate and nitrate in the water matrix. Moreover, performance of the resin proved to be stable from one regeneration cycle to another. Approximately 80% of MCLR and 50% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were recovered in the regenerated brine. Evidences of resin saturation and site reduction were also observed after 2000 bed volumes (BV) of operation. For all the investigated water matrices, a resin dosage of 1000 mg/L (∼4.5 mL/L) was sufficient to lower MCLR concentration from 100 μg/L to below the World Health Organization guideline of 1 μg/L, while simultaneously providing more than 80% NOM removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhar Dixit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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13
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Wang T, Zheng Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Ke C, Austin DE, Han X, Zhang Z. Abnormal adsorption and desorption behavior of pharmaceutical drugs on polystyrene microspheres. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an abnormal adsorption and desorption behavior where a stronger adsorption interaction between polystyrene particles and pharmaceutical drugs results in preferable desorption behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Yajun Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Congyu Ke
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Daniel E. Austin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Brigham Young University
- Utah 84602
- USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Shiyou University
- Xi'an 710065
- China
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