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Bourgeois AK, Tank SE, Floyd WC, Emelko MB, Amiri F. Hydrology Predominates Over Harvest History and Landscape Variation to Control Water Quality and Disinfection Byproduct Formation Potentials in Forested Pacific Coast Watersheds. ACS ES&T WATER 2024; 4:1335-1345. [PMID: 38633370 PMCID: PMC11020162 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite the global importance of forested watersheds as sources of drinking water, few studies have examined the effects of forestry on drinking water treatability. Relatively little is known about how the interaction between landscape variation and flow impacts source water quality and what this interaction means for drinking water treatability. To address this knowledge gap, we examined variability in sediments, dissolved organic matter, and disinfection byproduct formation potentials (DBP-FPs) across a range of flow conditions in four small watersheds with contrasting forest harvest histories and soil characteristics on Vancouver Island. Storm event-driven change in streamflow was the primary driver of water quality and DBP-FPs at our sites, with greater changes during stormflow (e.g., a 3-fold increase in dissolved organic carbon concentrations) than those across contrasting watersheds. Flow-driven changes in water quality and DBP-FPs were not significantly different across watersheds with different harvest histories; muted responses may be attributed to widespread second growth forests (i.e., recent harvesting effects may be confounded by historical harvest), forestry practices (e.g., slash burning), or soils with low organic carbon storage. This study suggests that variation in hydrology predominates over harvest history and soil characteristics to drive water quality and DBP-FPs on the east coast of Vancouver Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa K. Bourgeois
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Suzanne E. Tank
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - William C. Floyd
- Department
of Geography, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo V9R 5S5, Canada
- Ministry
of Forests, Nanaimo V9T 6E9, Canada
| | - Monica B. Emelko
- Water
Science, Technology & Policy Group, Department of Civil &
Environmental Engineering, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Fariba Amiri
- Water
Science, Technology & Policy Group, Department of Civil &
Environmental Engineering, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
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Delpla I, Bouchard C, Dorea C, Rodriguez MJ. Assessment of rain event effects on source water quality degradation and subsequent water treatment operations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161085. [PMID: 36586684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heavy rainfall events can lead to the runoff of large amounts of dissolved and particulate matter into surface water sources that may represents challenges for drinking water treatment, such as membrane fouling, increases in chemical demands, and formation of various disinfection by products (DBPs) after disinfection, such as trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAA). In this study, a framework is defined for analyzing water quality data in relation to climatic variables (rainfalls). The effects of 22 different rain events were assessed on an organic matter proxy (UV absorbance), and on different key water quality parameters for the coagulation step in a drinking water treatment plant. Extended impacts of rewetting events after long term dry period on source water quality were identified, with significant increases in raw water UV 254 nm that last almost 3 weeks. A significant effect on filtered water quality was also noticed and the potential impacts on finished waters quality was confirmed by HAA modelling results. Future studies could focus on the monitoring and modelling of other regulated DBPs such as THM as well as simulations of different scenarios of climate change to estimate the variability of DBPs and its precursors such as organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianis Delpla
- École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional (ESAD), Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
| | - Christian Bouchard
- École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional (ESAD), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Caetano Dorea
- Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Manuel J Rodriguez
- École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional (ESAD), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Mahamba C, Palamuleni LG. Antimicrobial Activity of Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) Seed for Household Domestic Water Treatment in Buhera District, Zimbabwe. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095462. [PMID: 35564857 PMCID: PMC9101643 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Various plants have been used by humans for a very long time, and the uses vary, including food, medicine, toothpaste, dyes, food preservatives, water treatment, and beer brewing, among others. For food preservation and water treatment, the plant must have antimicrobial properties which are biocidal. For this research, extracts were obtained from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds. The extracts were assessed for the presence of antimicrobial properties against three groups of bacteria, including faecal coliforms, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Dosages of ground sunflower seeds ranging from 0.5 g to 4 g were administered to the three bacterial species and their susceptibilities to the antimicrobial agents were measured and recorded. The results indicate the presence of antimicrobial properties in sunflower. The antimicrobial activities were more effective on E. coli, with an average zone of inhibition of 12 mm with a 3 g dosage of sunflower seed extract. This was followed by total coliforms (11 mm) and lastly faecal coliforms (11 mm). These findings suggested that sunflower seeds proved to be potentially effective in treating water against microbial contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caston Mahamba
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa;
| | - Lobina G. Palamuleni
- Unit of Environmental Science and Management, Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-(0)-183892027
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Fang C, Yang X, Ding S, Luan X, Xiao R, Du Z, Wang P, An W, Chu W. Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Derived Disinfection Byproduct Formation along the Yangtze River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12326-12336. [PMID: 34297564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River basin covers one-fifth of China's land area and serves as a water source for one-third of China's population. During long-distance water transport from upstream to downstream, various sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) lead to considerable variation in DOM properties, significantly impacting water treatability and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation after chlorination. Using size-exclusion chromatography and fluorescence spectroscopy, the spatial variation in DOM characteristics was comprehensively investigated on a basin scale. The formation of 36 DBPs and speciated total organic halogen in chlorinated samples was determined. Overall, the Yangtze River waters featured a high proportion of terrestrially derived humic substances that served as important precursors for trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, which was responsible for the increase in total DBP formation along the Yangtze River. The downstream waters were characterized by high levels of microbially derived protein-like biopolymers, which significantly contributed to the formation of haloacetaldehydes and haloacetonitriles that dominated DBP-associated mammalian cell cytotoxicity. Moreover, the precursors of haloacetaldehydes and haloacetonitriles in downstream waters were highly hydrophilic, posing a challenge for water treatment. This study presents an extensive basin-scale study, providing insights into DOM variations along the Yangtze River, illustrating the impact of DOM properties on drinking water from a DBP perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinmiao Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Pin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
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Gao J, Proulx F, Rodriguez MJ. Occurrence and spatio-temporal variability of halogenated acetaldehydes in full-scale drinking water systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133517. [PMID: 31362219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the third largest group of identified disinfection by-products (DBPs) by weight, halogenated acetaldehydes (HALs), were monitored for one year at numerous locations in two full-scale drinking water systems applying an ozone-chlorine sequential disinfection strategy. The HALs that were targeted included four trihalogenated acetaldehydes (THALs): chloral hydrate (CH), bromodichloroacetaldehyde (BDCAL), dibromochloroacetaldehyde (DBCAL) and tribromoacetaldehyde (TBAL). Three dihalogenated acetaldehydes (DHALs) were also included: dichloroacetaldehyde (DCAL), bromochloroacetaldehyde (BCAL) and dibromoacetaldehyde(DBAL). In addition to various sampling points in two distribution networks, this study also investigated the formation of HALs during water treatment and for the first time, reports the formation of DBAL before chlorine is applied. Low bromide levels in source waters from both systems resulted in the rare detection of DBAL and TBAL. CH accounted for >50% of total HALs (HAL7) with DHALs accounting for as little as 10% of HAL7, presumably due to the use of ozone-chlorine instead of ozone-chloramine. In the presence of chlorine residuals and with increasing water residence times, most HALs continued to form, more readily in warm water than in cold water. However, the spatial and temporal patterns for each HAL differed depending on speciation (THAL vs. DHAL) and water temperature. Compared to the relatively stable bromine incorporation factor (BIF) of THMs in the distribution systems, the decreasing BIFs of HALs according to water residence time increases suggested that bromine-containing THMs are more stable than their corresponding HALs. Re-chlorination at the extremities of the distribution networks demonstrated a significant impact on the occurrence and speciation of DBPs. In both full-scale systems, water temperature was shown to be the biggest contributing factor to HAL formation. The strong correlations between THM levels and THAL levels make it possible to predict the occurrence of THALs based on THMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Gao
- ÉSAD, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Francois Proulx
- Ville de Québec, 214, avenue Saint-Sacrement, suite 210, Québec G1N 3X6, Canada.
| | - Manuel J Rodriguez
- ÉSAD, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
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