1
|
Amariei G, Lahn Henriksen M, Klarskov P, Hinge M. In-line quantitative estimation of ammonium polyphosphate flame retardant in polyolefins via industrial hyperspectral imaging system and machine learning. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 170:1-7. [PMID: 37531740 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to developments in European legislation, several halogenated flame retardants are banned due to their toxicity, and the use of phosphor-based flame retardants in plastics is increasing. A revision of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) flame retardant revealed that it is an eye irritant and toxic, thus posing a health issue. Hence APP identification is needed for enabling safe recycling of plastic waste streams. Herein an industrial in-line method for quantitative estimation of APP in low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) is demonstrated, by using an industrial hyperspectral imaging system (955 to 1700 nm) and principal component analysis (PCA). Spectra of plastic samples with varying concentrations of APP were applied to build and calibrate a quantitative determination method. PCA and band area ratios (of selected bands) were made and fitted with continuous functions for concentration determination. The plastic samples were characterised by elemental analysis, attenuated total reflection, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The PCA model outperforms the band area ratio model and predicts APP concentrations between 24.3 and 1.5 wt% in LDPE (R2 = 0.98) and 20.0 and 1.7 wt% in PP (R2 = 0.97). Unknown samples with APP ranging from 23.7 to 2.7 wt% in LDPE and from 18.6 to 2.3 wt% in PP were predicted and correlated to the actual concentrations. The proposed approach is valuable for the plastic recyclers and waste management industries where inline concentration determination of flame retardants is key.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Amariei
- Plastic and Polymer Engineering, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aabogade 40, DK-8200 Aarhus N., Denmark
| | - Martin Lahn Henriksen
- Plastic and Polymer Engineering, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aabogade 40, DK-8200 Aarhus N., Denmark
| | - Pernille Klarskov
- Terahertz Photonics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mogens Hinge
- Plastic and Polymer Engineering, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aabogade 40, DK-8200 Aarhus N., Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu ZT, Reinack VH, An J, Indraneel Z, Dasari A, Yang J, Yang EH. Ecofriendly Microencapsulated Phase-Change Materials with Hybrid Core Materials for Thermal Energy Storage and Flame Retardancy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6380-6387. [PMID: 34000193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microencapsulated phase-change material (ME-PCM) employing octadecane as a core material has been practiced for thermal-energy-storage (TES) applications in buildings. However, octadecane as a hydrocarbon-based PCM is flammable. Herein, silica-shelled microcapsules (SiO2-MCs) and poly(urea-formaldehyde)-shelled microcapsules (PUF-MCs) were successfully prepared, loaded with octadecane/tributyl phosphate (TBP) as hybrid core materials, which not only exhibited good TES properties but also high-effective flame retardancy. SiO2-MC (ΔHm = 124.6 J g-1 and ΔHc = 124.1 J g-1) showed weaker TES capacity than PUF-MC (ΔHm = 186.8 J g-1, ΔHc = 188.5 J g-1) but better flame retardancy with a lower peak heat-release rate (HRRpeak) of 460.9 W g-1 (556.9 W g-1 for PUF-MCs). As compared with octadecane (38.7 kJ g-1), the reduction in total heat release (THR) for SiO2-MC was up to 22% (30.1 kJ g-1) with combustion time shortened by 1/6. SiO2-MC had a typical diameter of 150-210 μm, shell thickness of ∼6.5 μm, and a core fraction of 84 wt %. SiO2-MC showed better thermal stability with a higher initial evaporation/pyrolysis temperature than PUF-MC. The thermal decomposition of MCs with its mechanism of flame retardancy was significantly studied using thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR). The strategy presented in this study should inspire the development of microcapsules with PCMs/flame retardants as hybrid core materials for structural applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ting Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Varghese Hansen Reinack
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798 Singapore
| | - Jinliang An
- School of Civil Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Zope Indraneel
- School of Material Science and Engineering, NTU, 639798 Singapore
| | - Aravind Dasari
- School of Material Science and Engineering, NTU, 639798 Singapore
| | - Jinglei Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - En-Hua Yang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 639798 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Incorporation of Comonomer exo-5-(Diphenylphosphato)Isosorbide-2- endo-Acrylate to Generate Flame Retardant Poly(Styrene). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122038. [PMID: 31835304 PMCID: PMC6960599 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A phosphorus containing acrylate monomer has been constructed from isosorbide, a renewable biomaterial. Treatment of isosorbide with diphenylchlorophosphate generates a mixture of phosphorus esters from which exo-5-(diphenylphosphato)isosorbide-2-endo-ol may be isolated using column chromatography. Conversion of the alcohol to the corresponding acrylate by treatment with acroyl chloride provides a reactive acryloyl monomer containing a diphenylphosphato unit. Copolymerization of this monomer, at levels to provide 1% or 2% phosphorus incorporation, with styrene generates a polymer with substantially diminished flammability compared to that for styrene homopolymer.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhai C, Xin F, Chen Y, Cai L, Qian L. Flame retardancy of epoxy resin nanocomposite with a novel polymeric nanoflame retardant. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhai
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Fei Xin
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing Huateng Hightech Co, Ltd Beijing China
| | - Liyun Cai
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
|
7
|
Current trends in supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6441-6457. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
8
|
Liu M, Yin H, Chen X, Yang J, Liang Y, Zhang J, Yang F, Deng Y, Lu S. Preliminary ecotoxicity hazard evaluation of DOPO-HQ as a potential alternative to halogenated flame retardants. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:126-133. [PMID: 29128559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent regulatory and environmental pressures have led to increasing demands for environmentally friendly flame retardants as alternatives to halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). A new flame retardant alternative, 10-(2, 5-dihydroxyl phenyl)-9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10- phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-HQ), was applied due to its high thermal stability and glass transition temperature. However, there is little information available for its ecotoxicology. For this purpose, the preliminary ecotoxicity of DOPO-HQ was investigated and evaluated, using aquatic, terrestrial and microorganism toxicity according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines under the framework of the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation. No effect was observed on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna and Gobiocypris rarus at the saturation water solubility. For active sludge, Eisenia foetida and seedling emergence, no effect was observed at the limited highest concentration of 1000 mg/L or 1000 mg kg-1 dw. However, moderate effect on the shoot weight is observed with the maximum inhibition rate of 46.3% when exposed to 1000 mg kg-1 dw. Comparing the ecotoxicity of DOPO-HQ with that of HFRs and their typical alternatives, the toxicity of DOPO-HQ is markedly lower than those of triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and HFRs such as tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCCP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Similar low effect levels were observed for resorcinol bis (biphenyl) phosphate (RDP), bisphenol A bis (biphenyl) phosphate (BDP) and its parent chemical 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene -10-oxide (DOPO). DOPO-HQ could be a potential alternative to HFRs from an environmental perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Haowen Yin
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yihuai Liang
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jingji Zhang
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yunyun Deng
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shen Lu
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai, 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yeung LWY, Stadey C, Mabury SA. Simultaneous analysis of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances including ultrashort-chain C2 and C3 compounds in rain and river water samples by ultra performance convergence chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1522:78-85. [PMID: 28965989 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method using ultra performance convergence chromatography (UPC2) coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer operated in negative electrospray mode was developed to measure perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) including the ultrashort-chain PFASs (C2-C3). Compared to the existing liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method using an ion exchange column, the new method has a lower detection limit (0.4pg trifluoroacetate (TFA) on-column), narrower peak width (3-6s), and a shorter run time (8min). Using the same method, different classes of PFASs (e.g., perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs), perfluorinated phosphonates (PFPAs) and phosphinates (PFPiAs), polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs)) can be measured in a single analysis. Rain (n=2) and river water (n=2) samples collected in Toronto, ON, were used for method validation and application. Results showed that short-chain PFAS (C2-C7 PFCAs and C4 PFSA) contributed to over 80% of the detectable PFASs in rain samples and the C2-C3 PFASs alone accounted for over 40% of the total. Reports on environmental levels of these ultrashort-chain PFASs are relatively scarce. Relatively large contribution of these ultrashort-chain PFASs to the total PFASs indicate the need to include the measurement of short-chain PFASs, especially C2 and C3 PFASs, in environmental monitoring. The sources of TFA and other short-chain PFASs in the environment are not entirely clear. The newly developed analytical method may help further investigation on the sources and the environmental levels of these ultrashort-chain PFASs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto,80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | | | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto,80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|