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Du J, You J, Cai Z, Wang H, Chen D, Zhu S, Liu D. Simultaneous removal of ammonia and sulfur odorants in biotrickling filters and N 2O production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 403:130870. [PMID: 38777234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Research on the stability evaluation of biotrickling filters (BTFs) under harsh conditions and the bacterial adaptation process still needs to be improved. Herein, BTFs with polypropylene plastic (PP) and ceramic raschig rings (CRR) were investigated for a better understanding of the biodegradation of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and dimethyl sulfide (DMS). The results showed an excellent performance in removal efficiency (RE) for NH3 (91.6 %-99.9 %), H2S (RE: 55.3 %-99.5 %), and DMS (RE: 10.6 %-99.9 %). It was found that a more apparent positive correlation between N2O emission and pressure drop in CRR BTF (R2 = 0.92) than in PP BTF (R2 = 0.79) (P < 0.01). Low temperature promotes an increase in the abundance ofComamonasandBacillus. The polysaccharides in PP and CRR reactors decreased by 78.6 % and 68.1 % when temperature reduced from 25℃ to 8℃. This work provides a novel insight into understanding bacterial survival under harsh BTF environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Du
- Institute of Agri-biological Environment Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture from Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Juping You
- Institute of Agri-biological Environment Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Institute of Agri-biological Environment Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture from Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haiqiang Wang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dongzhi Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Songming Zhu
- Institute of Agri-biological Environment Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture from Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dezhao Liu
- Institute of Agri-biological Environment Engineering, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture from Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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2
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González-Cortés JJ, Lamprea-Pineda PA, Ramírez M, Demeestere K, Van Langenhove H, Walgraeve C. Biofiltration of gaseous mixtures of dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide: Effect of operational conditions and microbial analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 362:121320. [PMID: 38843750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The efficient removal of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), such as dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), is crucial due to their foul odor and corrosive potential in sewer systems. Biofilters (BFs) offer promise for VSCs removal, but face challenges related to pH control and changing conditions at full scale. Two BFs, operated under acidophilic conditions for 78 days, were evaluated for their performance at varying inlet concentrations and empty bed residence times (EBRTs). BF1, incorporating 4-6 mm marble limestone for pH control, outperformed BF2, which used NaHCO3 in the nutrient solution. BF1 displayed better resilience, maintained a stable pH of 4.6 ± 0.6, and achieved higher maximum elimination capacities (ECmax, 41 mg DMS m-3 h-1 (RE 38.3%), 146 mg DMDS m-3 h-1 (RE 83.1%), 47 mg DMTS m-3 h-1 (RE 93.1%)) at an EBRT of 56 s compared to BF2 (9 mg DMS m-3 h-1 (RE 7.1%), 9 mg DMDS m-3 h-1 (RE 4.8%) and 11 mg DMTS m-3 h-1 (RE 26.6%)). BF2 exhibited pH stratification and decreased performance after feeding interruptions. The biodegradability of VSCs followed the order DMTS > DMDS > DMS, and several microorganisms were identified contributing to VSCs degradation in BF1, including Bacillus (14%), Mycobacterium (11%), Acidiphilium (7%), and Acidobacterium (3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- J J González-Cortés
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technologies, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain; Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - P A Lamprea-Pineda
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Ramírez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technologies, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - K Demeestere
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - H Van Langenhove
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Walgraeve
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Qin Y, Liu J, Zhang Y, Wu H. Effect of commutation on pressure drop and microbial diversity in a horizontal biotrickling filter for toluene removal. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:109. [PMID: 38369664 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
A horizontal biotrickling filter (HBTF) was designed to understand the toluene removal process and microbial community structures. The start-up time of the HBTF, immobilized by the dominant fungi was only about 6 days and the toluene removal efficiency was found to be more than 95% when the inlet toluene concentration remained at around 1560.0 mg/m3. In the stable operation stage of the HBTF, based on not greatly reducing the removal efficiency, a simple and convenient periodic commutation was adopted to reduce the pressure drop (△P) and regulate the distribution of microorganisms in the packing area of the HBTF. The △P decreased from about 90 Pa to 10 Pa after the commutation, which indicated its feasibility. The performance of the HBTF was improved by changing the inlet direction of waste gas flow. When the inlet concentration of toluene was about 640 mg/m3, the removal efficiency was nearly 70.0% before commutation and it remained 95.0-98.0% after commutation. Microbial abundance and diversity analysis showed that the corresponding Shannon-Weiner index was 2.73 and 1.84, respectively. The front section of the HBTF, which was exposed to toluene earlier, consistently exhibited higher microbial diversity than that in the back section. Following commutation, microbial diversity decreased in both the front and back sections, with a maximum decline of around 50%. The main fungi treating toluene were Aplanochytrium, Boletellus, and Exophiala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing Fairyland Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100096, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection, Academy of Agricultural Planning & Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Environmental Monitoring Centre Baotou Sub-Station, Baotou, 014000, China
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4
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Su Q, Dai D, Liao Y, Han H, Wu J, Ren Z. Synthetic microbial consortia to enhance the biodegradation of compost odor by biotrickling filter. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129698. [PMID: 37598805 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Composting generates odorous gases, including ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The Biological Trickling Filter (BTF) is effective for odor treatment, but it may have limitations with hydrophobic VOCs. In this study, a strain of Bacillus subtilis with ammonia-reducing ability, a strain of Bacillus cereus with desulfurization ability and a strain of Schizophyllum commune with the ability to degrade dimethyl disulfide were isolated and screened. The three strains were combined to create synthetic microbial consortia for enhancing odor treatment in the BTF. Compared to the activated sludge control, the BTF with synthetic microbial consortia removed 92.43% ammonia, 92.75% hydrogen sulfide. Furthermore, it demonstrated a significant improvement in the removal rates of p-methyl mercaptan, methyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide. High-throughput sequencing was conducted on the fillers of the synthetic microbial consortia-inoculated BTF to analyze the microbial community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Su
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dunwu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Youjun Liao
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongbo Han
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China.
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5
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Lin X, Ma C, Wu D. New insight into the enhanced ozonation of malodorous compounds by Cu(II): Inhibiting the formation of free radicals to promote ozone utilization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130190. [PMID: 36265383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal-enhanced ozonation can greatly improve the decay of organic matter; however, whether this method benefits the decay of malodorous compounds or not and the possible mechanism are not well understood. In this study, nine typical malodorous compounds were selected to reveal that Cu(II)-enhanced ozonation can greatly promote the decay of fatty amines because of the direct ozone oxidation, which was enhanced to promote ozone utilization. Moreover, trace Cu(II) can amplify the observed rate constants of dimethylamine and trimethylamine for 48.9% and 155.7%, respectively, and Cu(II) dosage was the determining factor using response surface methodology to investigate the interactions between initial pH, Cu(II) dosage and ozone dosage. These results demonstrated that the formation of •OH and O2•- was inhibited rather than promoted, which was quite different from some previously reported Cu(II)-enhanced ozonation counterparts. Moreover, the enhanced effect of trace Cu(II) was exhibited in both single and complex malodorous compounds. The conversion pathway of nitrogen and sulfur elements was clarified, with the targeted mineralization of nitrogen of nitrogen-containing malodorous compounds into NO3-N and the odor characteristics of sulfur-containing malodorous compounds disappeared. These findings provided new insight for utilizing metal ions to enhance the direct ozone oxidation capacity of malodorous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Canming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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6
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Marycz M, Brillowska-Dąbrowska A, Cantera S, Gębicki J, Muñoz R. Fungal co-culture improves the biodegradation of hydrophobic VOCs gas mixtures in conventional biofilters and biotrickling filters. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137609. [PMID: 36566789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study systematically evaluated the potential of Candida subhashii, Fusarium solani and their consortium for the abatement of n-hexane, trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene and α-pinene in biofilters (BFs) and biotrickling filters (BTFs). Three 3.2 L BFs packed with polyurethane foam and operated at a gas residence time of 77 s with an air mixture of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were inoculated with C. subhashii, F. solani and a combination of thereof. The systems were also operated under a BTF configuration with a liquid recirculating rate of 2.5 L h-1. Steady state elimination capacities (ECs) of total VOCs of 17.4 ± 0.7 g m-3 h-1 for C. subhashii, 21.2 ± 0.8 g m-3 h-1 for F. solani and 24.4 ± 1.4 g m-3 h-1 for their consortium were recorded in BFs, which increased up to 27.2 ± 1.6 g m-3 h-1, 29.2 ± 1.9 g m-3 h-1, 37.7 ± 3.3 g m-3 h-1 in BTFs. BTFs supported a superior biodegradation performance compared to BF, regardless of the VOCs. Moreover, a more effective VOC biodegradation was observed when C. subhashii and F. solani were grown as a consortium. The microbial analysis conducted revealed that the fungi initially introduced in each BF represented the dominant species by the end of the experiment, with C. subhashii gradually overcoming F. solani in the system inoculated with the fungal consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Marycz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Universidad de Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina S/n, 47011, Spain; Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Brillowska-Dąbrowska
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sara Cantera
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jacek Gębicki
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Universidad de Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina S/n, 47011, Spain.
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Zhao J, Gao J, Jin X, You J, Feng K, Ye J, Chen J, Zhang S. Superior dimethyl disulfide degradation in a microbial fuel cell: Extracellular electron transfer and hybrid metabolism pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120469. [PMID: 36272610 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the biological degradation of volatile organic sulfur compounds, a microbial fuel cell (MFC) system with superior activity is developed for dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) degradation. The MFC achieves a removal efficiency near 100% within 6 h (initial concentration: 90 mg L-1) and a maximum biodegradation rate constant of 0.743 mM h-1. The DMDS removal load attains 2.684 mmol h-1 L-1, which is 6.18-2440 times the loads of conventional biodegradation processes reported. Meanwhile, the maximum power density output and corresponding current density output are 5.40 W m-3 and 40.6 A m-3, respectively. The main mechanism of extracellular electron transfer is classified as mediated electron transfer, supplemented by direct transfer. Furthermore, the mass balance analysis indicates that methanethiol, S0, S2-, SO42-, HCHO, and CO2 are the main intermediate and end products involved in the hybrid metabolism pathway of DMDS. Overall, these findings may offer basic information for bioelectrochemical degradation of DMDS and facilitate the application of MFC in waste gas treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), which features poor solubility, odorous smell, and refractory property, is a typical pollutant emitted from the petrochemical industry. For the first time, we develop an MFC system for DMDS degradation. The superior DMDS removal load per unit reactor volume is 6.18-2440 times those of conventional biodegradation processes in literature. Both the electron transfer route and the hybrid metabolism pathway of DMDS are cleared in this work. Overall, these findings give an in-depth understanding of the bioelectrochemical DMDS degradation mechanism and provide an efficient alternative for DMDS removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jialing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaoyou Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Juping You
- School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Ke Feng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiexu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Jia T, Zhang L, Zhao Q, Peng Y. The effect of biofilm growth on the sulfur oxidation pathway and the synergy of microorganisms in desulfurization reactors under different pH conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128638. [PMID: 35306408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm growth affects the oxygen transfer in biofilm and thus the oxidation pathway of sulfur and the synergy of microorganisms. In this study, the effect of biofilm growth on the oxidation pathway of H2S and the synergy of microorganisms in desulfurization reactors under different pH conditions was first discussed to enhance the understanding of desulfurization process. A biotrickling filter (BTF) was operated for 168 days under acidic condition (pH<4.7) and 32 days under alkaline condition (7.0 <pH<10.2). In acidic period, the average growth mass (AGM) of biofilm was 0.04 g/L-BTF/d, and most of S-H2S was converted to S-SO42- (>89.0%). In alkaline period, the AGM raised to 0.97 g/L-BTF/d, and 77.0% of S-H2S was transferred to elemental sulfur (S0) and polysulfanes (R-Sx-R) accumulated in biofilm. The increase of biofilm and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria activity limited the oxygen transfer in alkaline biofilm, leading to the accumulation of S0 and the emergence of an obligate anaerobe- Acetoanaerobium (8.1%). The formation of R-Sx-R may be due to the reaction of S0 with thiols produced by a thiol-producing bacterium- Pseudomonas (6.7%). The uneven distribution of oxygen in biofilm caused by biofilm growth complicated the transfer pathway of sulfur and the synergy of microorganisms in desulfurization system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipei Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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9
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Jia T, Sun S, Zhao Q, Peng Y, Zhang L. Extremely acidic condition (pH<1.0) as a novel strategy to achieve high-efficient hydrogen sulfide removal in biotrickling filter: Biomass accumulation, sulfur oxidation pathway and microbial analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133770. [PMID: 35101433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extremely acidic conditions (pH < 1.0) during hydrogen sulfide (H2S) biotreatment significantly reduce the cost of pH regulation; however, there remain challenges to its applications. The present study investigated the H2S removal and biomass variations in biotrickling filter (BTF) under long-term highly acidic conditions. A BTF operated for 144 days at pH 0.5-1.0 achieved an H2S elimination capacity (EC) of 109.9 g/(m3·h) (removal efficiency = 97.0%) at an empty bed retention time of 20 s, with an average biomass concentration at 20.6 g/L-BTF. The biomass concentration at neutral pH increased from 22.3 to 49.5 g/L-BTF within 28 days. In this case, elemental sulfur (S0) accumulated due to insufficient oxygen transfer in biofilm, which aggravated the BTF blockage problem. After long-term domestication under extremely acidic conditions, a mixotrophic acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) Alicyclobacillus (abundance 55.4%) were enriched in the extremely acidic biofilm, while non-aciduric bacteria were eliminated, which maintained the balance of biofilm thickness. Biofilm with optimum thickness ensured oxygen transfer and H2S oxidation, avoiding the accumulation of S0. The BTF performance improved due to the enrichment of active mixotrophic SOB with high abundance under extremely acidic conditions. The mixotrophic SOB is expected to be further enriched under extremely acidic conditions by adding carbohydrates to enhance H2S removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipei Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Shihao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Qi Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China.
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10
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Das J, Ravishankar H, Lens PNL. Biological biogas purification: Recent developments, challenges and future prospects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 304:114198. [PMID: 34864410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Raw biogas generated in the anaerobic digestion (AD) process contains several undesired constituents such as H2S, CO2, NH3, siloxanes and VOCs. These gases affect the direct application of biogas, and are a prime concern in biogas utilization processes. Conventional physico-chemical biogas purification methods are energy-intensive and expensive. To promote sustainable development and environmental friendly technologies, biological biogas purification technologies can be applied. This review describes biological technologies for both upstream and downstream processing in terms of pollutant removal mechanisms and efficiency, bioreactor configurations and different operating conditions. Limitations of the biological approaches and their future scope are also highlighted. A conceptual framework Driver-Pressure-Stress-Impact-Response (DPSIR) and Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis have been applied to analyse the present situation and future scope of biological biogas clean-up technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Das
- National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland; Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), BCSIR Laboratories Chattogram, Chattogram, 4220, Bangladesh.
| | - Harish Ravishankar
- National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Piet N L Lens
- National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
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Huan C, Lyu Q, Tong X, Li H, Zeng Y, Liu Y, Jiang X, Ji G, Xu L, Yan Z. Analyses of deodorization performance of mixotrophic biotrickling filter reactor using different industrial and agricultural wastes as packing material. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126608. [PMID: 34280718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, to efficiently remove malodorous gas and reduce secondary pollution under mixotrophic conditions, pine bark, coal cinder, straw and mobile bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) fillers were used as packing materials in a biological trickling filter (BTF) to simultaneously treat high-concentration H2S and NH3. The results showed that the removal rate of BTF-A filled with pine bark was the highest, which was 86.31% and 94.06% under the H2S and NH3 loading rates of 53.59 g/m³·h while the empty bed residence time (EBRT) was 40.5 s. The theoretical maximum load was obtained by fitting the kinetic curve, and the value were 90.09 g H2S m-³·h-1 and 172.41 g NH3 m-³·h-1. Meanwhile, after treating with 720 ppm of NH3, the average concentration of NO3- in the BTF circulating fluid was only 127.58 mg/L, indicating the better performance of secondary pollutants control. Microbiological analysis showed that Dokdonella, Micropruina, Candidatus_Alysiosphaera, Nakamurella and Thiobacillus possessed high abundance at the genus level, and their entire percentage in four BTF reactors were 62.87%, 46.32%, 47.98%, and 57.35% respectively. It is worthwhile that the genera Comamonas and Trichococcus with heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification capabilities and proportion of 3.66%, 1.45%, 5.43%, and 3.23% were observed in four reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Huan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingyang Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Haihong Li
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinru Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gaosheng Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lishan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiying Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Li W, Han Z, Sun D. Preparation of sludge-based activated carbon for adsorption of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide during sludge aerobic composting. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130924. [PMID: 34134443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emission of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) during sludge aerobic composting has limited the use and development of this economical sludge treatment process. In this study, cheap and easily available sludge was used as raw material for the preparation of adsorbents to eliminate DMS and DMDS. A series of sludge-based activated carbons (SACs) were prepared by acid or base activation, and coconut shell mix was also assessed. The results revealed that SAC preparation by KOH activation without coconut shell mix could significantly enhance the surface area and pore volume of SAC, and showed the maximum adsorption capacity for DMS (53.45 mg g-1) and DMDS (151.28 mg g-1). In addition, SAC had a good adsorption effect on a mixture of DMS and DMDS. The SAC adsorbents could efficiently adsorb DMS and DMDS after four cycles of regeneration. Thermodynamic and kinetic analyses demonstrated that adsorption between the SAC and DMS/DMDS was via physical adsorption. The SAC developed in this study utilized waste in a useful way that could significantly reduce the cost of adsorbents and use them for odor elimination during sludge aerobic composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhangliang Han
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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13
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Liu J, Kang X, Liu X, Yue P, Sun J, Lu C. Simultaneous removal of bioaerosols, odors and volatile organic compounds from a wastewater treatment plant by a full-scale integrated reactor. PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION : TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, PART B 2020; 144:2-14. [PMID: 32834560 PMCID: PMC7341965 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological control of odors and bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have gained more attention in recent years. The simultaneous removal of odors, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and bioaerosols in each unit of a full-scale integrated-reactor (FIR) in a sludge dewatering room was investigated. The average removal efficiencies (REs) of odors, VOCs and bioaerosols were recorded as 98.5 %, 94.7 % and 86.4 %, respectively, at an inlet flow rate of 5760 m3/h. The RE of each unit decreased, and the activated carbon adsorption zone (AZ) played a more important role as the inlet flow rate increased. The REs of hydrophilic compounds were higher than those of hydrophobic compounds. For bioaerosols, roughly 35 % of airborne heterotrophic bacteria (HB) was removed in the low-pH zone (LPZ) while over 30 % of total fungi (TF) was removed in the neutral-pH zone (NPZ). Most bioaerosols removed by the biofilter (BF) had a particle size larger than 4.7 μm while bioaerosols with small particle size were apt to be adsorbed by AZ. The microbial community in the BF changed significantly at different units. Health risks were found to be associated with H2S rather than with bioaerosols at the FIR outlet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xinyue Kang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xueli Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Peng Yue
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jianbin Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Chen Lu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Xing H, Li J. Performance and fungal diversity of bio-trickling filters packed with composite media of polydimethylsiloxane and foam ceramics for hydrophobic VOC removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127093. [PMID: 32470731 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bio-trickling filters (BTFs) can be used for the treatment of hydrophobic VOC-contaminated air. To improve treatment performance, two novel polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) packing media were produced and trialled in BTFs inoculated with Cladophialophora fungus. The BTF packed with PDMS/foam ceramic composite filler showed superior performance: rapid start-up within 3 days, rapid restart within 7 days after starvation for 1 month, a maximum toluene elimination capacity (EC) of 264.4 g m-3·h-1 at an empty bed residence time of 10 s, and a pressure drop that was controllable by adjusting the nutrient supply regime. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyse the effect of spatial position on the microbial communities in the top and bottom filler layers. Meanwhile, by investigating the EC in the vertical direction of the BTF, spatial heterogeneity in the fungal degradation of a hydrophobic VOC was preliminarily explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Hehe Xing
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Xing H, Li J. Effect of liquid supply on the performance of a fungal bio-trickling filter treating hydrophobic VOC. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Wu J, Jiang X, Jin Z, Yang S, Zhang J. The performance and microbial community in a slightly alkaline biotrickling filter for the removal of high concentration H 2S from biogas. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126127. [PMID: 32074498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, high concentration of H2S (i.e., 5000 ppmv) in biogas was effectively removed by a slightly alkaline biotricking filter (BTF) with Polypropylene rings as packing material and oxygen from air as the electron acceptor. The results showed that when the inlet loading of H2S increased from 101.7 to 422.0 g/m3/h, the removal efficiency of H2S decreased from 100.0% to 91.4%, and the maximum elimination capacity (EC) was 386.0 ± 10.5 gH2S/m3/h when empty bed retention time (EBRT) was 1.0 min. The slightly alkaline condition could increase the mass transfer of H2S from gas to liquid phase and avoid the toxic effect of high concentration of H2S, resulting in high removal performance of H2S in the system. With the increase of H2S inlet loading, the ratio of SO42- in bio-desulfurization products gradually decreased, while that of S0 increased. At 101.7-210.7 gH2S/m3/h of inlet loading, SO42- was the dominant product with the ratio of above 50.00%, while S0 became the dominant product with 62.96% at 422.0 gH2S/m3/h of inlet loading. The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that the dominant genus in the BTF was sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (SOB), with the abundance of SOB decreased with the increase of inlet loading. The dominant genus were Pseudomonas, Halothiobacillus and Sulfurimonas in the BTF at 101.7, 139.8 and 210.7 gH2S/m3/h of inlet loading, respectively. The SOB Sulfurimonas might play an important role for bio-desulfurization of high concentration of H2S in a slightly alkaline BTF under high inlet loading of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ziheng Jin
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Senlin Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Sichuan Science City Tianren Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China
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Tu X, Xu M, Li J, Li E, Feng R, Zhao G, Huang S, Guo J. Enhancement of using combined packing materials on the removal of mixed sulfur compounds in a biotrickling filter and analysis of microbial communities. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:52. [PMID: 31345193 PMCID: PMC6659214 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Packing materials is a critical design consideration when employing biological reactor to treat malodorous gases. The acidification of packing bed usually results in a significant drop in the removal efficiency. In the present study, a biotrickling filter (BTF2) packed with plastic balls in the upper layer and with lava rocks in the bottom layer, was proposed to mitigate the acidification. Results Results showed that using combined packing materials efficiently enhanced the removal performance of BTF2 when compared with BTF1, which was packed with sole lava rocks. Removal efficiencies of more than 92.5% on four sulfur compounds were achieved in BTF2. Average pH value in its bottom packing bed was about 4.86, significantly higher than that in BTF1 (2.85). Sulfate and elemental sulfur were observed to accumulate more in BTF1 than in BTF2. Analysis of principal coordinate analysis proved that structure of microbial communities in BTF2 changed less after the shutdown but more when the initial pH value was set at 5.5. Network analysis of significant co-occurrence patterns based on the correlations between microbial taxa revealed that BTF2 harbored more diverse microorganisms involving in the bio-oxidation of sulfur compounds and had more complex interactions between microbial species. Conclusions Results confirmed that using combined packing materials effectively improved conditions for the growth of microorganisms. The robustness of reactor against acidification, adverse temperature and gas supply shutdown was greatly enhanced. These provided a theoretical basis for using mixed packing materials to improve removal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Tu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiying Xu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Enze Li
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongfang Feng
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobin Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Guo
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
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