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Nguyen HT, Choi W, Kim EJ, Cho K. Microbial community niches on microplastics and prioritized environmental factors under various urban riverine conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157781. [PMID: 35926609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) provide habitats to microorganisms in aquatic environments; distinct microbial niches have recently been elucidated. However, there is little known about the microbial communities on MPs under urban riverine conditions, in which environmental factors fluctuate. Therefore, this study investigated MP biofilm communities under various urban riverine conditions (i.e., organic content, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration) and evaluated the prioritized factors affecting plastisphere communities. Nine biofilm-forming reactors were operated under various environmental conditions. Under all testing conditions, biofilms grew on MPs with decreasing bacterial diversity. Interestingly, biofilm morphology and bacterial populations were driven by the environmental parameters. We found that plastisphere community structures were grouped according to the environmental conditions; organic content in the water was the most significant factor determining MP biofilm communities, followed by salinity and DO concentration. The principal plastisphere communities were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Firmicutes phyla. In-depth analyses of plastisphere communities revealed that biofilm-forming and plastic-degrading bacteria were the predominant microbes. In addition, potential pathogens were majorly discovered in the riverine waters with high organic content. Our results suggest that distinct plastisphere communities coexist with MP particles under certain riverine water conditions, implying that the varied MP biofilm communities may affect urban riverine ecology in a variety of ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Thi Nguyen
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST school, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Woodan Choi
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST school, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Kim
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST school, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjin Cho
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST school, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Lin L, Luo Z, Ishida K, Urasaki K, Kubota K, Li YY. Fast formation of anammox granules using a nitrification-denitrification sludge and transformation of microbial community. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118751. [PMID: 35728499 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A lengthy start-up period has been one of the key obstacles limiting the application of the anammox process. In this investigation, a nitrification-denitrification sludge was used to start-up the anammox EGSB process. The transformation process from nitrification-denitrification sludge to anammox granule sludge was explored through the aspects of nitrogen removal performance, granule properties, microbial community structure, and evolution route. A successful start-up of the anammox process was achieved after 94 days of reactor operation. The highest nitrogen removal rate (NRR) obtained was 7.25±0.16 gN/L/d at a nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 8.0 gN/L/d, and the corresponding nitrogen removal efficiency was a high 90.61±1.99%. The results of the microbial analysis revealed significant changes in anammox bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria in the sludge. Notably, the anammox bacteria abundance increased from 2.5% to 29.0% during the operation, and Candidatus Kuenenia and Candidatus Brocadia were the dominant genera. Distinct-different successions on Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Kuenenia were also observed over the long-term period. In addition, the settling performance, anammox activity and biomass retention capacity of the granules were significantly enhanced during this process, and the corresponding granule evolution route was also proposed. The results in this study indicate the feasibility of using available seed sludge source for the fast-transformation of anammox granules, it is beneficial to the large-scale application of anammox process and the utilization of excess sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Zibin Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kyuto Ishida
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kampachiro Urasaki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kengo Kubota
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan.
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Park S, Cho K, Lee T, Lee E, Bae H. Improved insights into the adaptation and selection of Nitrosomonas spp. for partial nitritation under saline conditions based on specific oxygen uptake rates and next generation sequencing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153644. [PMID: 35122854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Partial nitritation (PN) is a bioprocess that is essential for developing cost-effective biological nitrogen removal processes. Understanding the abundant bacterial communities responsible for nitrification under salt stress conditions is important to achieve a stable PN system for treating saline wastewater. Therefore, in this study, we identified the core nitrifying communities and investigated their correlations with the process parameters in a nitrifying bioreactor that was used for treating saline high-strength ammonia wastewater. A PN system worked efficiently under saline conditions with varying operational factors, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and alkalinity. Interestingly, the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) became similar under salt-free and saline media after the salt adaption. Next generation sequencing results suggested that the inactivation of Nitrobacter winogradskyi was a key factor for the PN reaction under salt stress conditions. We also found that Nitrosomonas europaea, a freshwater type ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), was predominantly found under both salt-free and saline conditions, whereas other halotolerant or halophilic AOB species, including Nitrosomonas nitrosa and Nitrosomonas mobilis, became selectively abundant under saline conditions. This implies that adaptation (training of N. europaea) and selection (presence of N. nitrosa and N. mobilis) were simultaneously attributed to selective ammonia conversion for the PN reaction. The redundancy analysis showed that the salinity and ammonia loading rates were statistically significant process parameters that determined the nitrifying bacterial community, suggesting that these parameters drive the adaptation and selection of the core AOB species during the PN reaction. Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of N. nitrosa and N. mobilis was critically correlated with the specific oxygen uptake rates in saline media containing ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suin Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 63 Busandeahak-ro, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungjin Cho
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST school, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taeho Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 63 Busandeahak-ro, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunsu Lee
- R&D Center, POSCO E&C, 241, Incheon tower-daero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22009, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyokwan Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 63 Busandeahak-ro, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandeahak-ro, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Wang J, Liang J, Ning D, Zhang T, Wang M. A review of biomass immobilization in anammox and partial nitrification/anammox systems: Advances, issues, and future perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:152792. [PMID: 35033568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two biomass immobilization techniques; entrapment and carrier-based, attract increasing attention in anammox and partial nitrification/anammox (PN/A) systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the advances, outstanding issues, and future research directions in this field. The application of both entrapment and carrier-based biofilm immobilization for reactor start up, improving the nitrogen removal performance, and protecting autotrophic bacteria from environmental fluctuations in anammox and partial nitrification/anammox systems are summarized and discussed. The key characteristics of carriers for biomass immobilization are biocompatibility for supporting microbial growth, permeability for effective mass transfer, and physical/chemical stability for long-term use. Carriers without these characteristics must be improved and re-evaluated for their feasibility in applications. Lab-scale, pilot, and full-scale studies are needed to overcome the potential obstacles of preliminary studies, and to investigate the long-term performance of biomass immobilization techniques, especially using real wastewater as influent, which may introduce more complexity and threaten the carrier's immobilization. In addition, calculating the 'nitrogen removal rate normalized by the packing ratio of carriers (NRR-C)' in the immobilization system is strongly suggested to obtain a direct comparison of immobilization performance/limitations from different studies. This review will improve understanding of the major challenges of immobilization technology in anammox and PN/A systems and provide insights into the next-stage of research and full-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; College of Horticulture, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jidong Liang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Dingying Ning
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tengge Zhang
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering and EMS Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering and EMS Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Choi D, Cho K, Hwang K, Yun W, Jung J. Achieving stable nitrogen removal performance of mainstream PN-ANAMMOX by combining high-temperature shock for selective recovery of AOB activity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148582. [PMID: 34323753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the new concept of the mainstream partial nitritation (PN)-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) combined with a high-temperature shock strategy for the selective recovery of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activity. In the preliminary test, the temperature shock condition for PN was optimized (60 °C and > 20 min). Based on this, the implementation strategy in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system was studied further, and the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium alginate carrier exposure ratio (ER) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration were considered as primary variables. The AOB activity was recovered selectively when the ER of the carrier ranged from 20 to 40%, and the DO was higher than 2.3 mg O2/L. This was not the case for nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) (AOB: 1.17±0.1 gNH4+-N/LCarrier/d, NOB: 0.34±0.1 gNO3--N/LCarrier/d). As a result, the activity of AOB was recovered selectively with a decrease in Nitrospira spp., which was verified by kinetic and microbial analyses for the AOB (KS, DO = 3.89 mgO2/L) and NOB (KS, DO = 1.14 mgO2/L). Eventually, the mainstream PN-ANAMMOX was achieved with a nitrogen removal efficiency of 81.5±3.3% for 95 days. The findings provide insight to establishing a stable mainstream PN-ANAMMOX process using a high-temperature shock strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehee Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
| | - Kyungjin Cho
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Kwanghyun Hwang
- GS Engineering and Construction Research Institute, GRAN SEOUL, 33 Jong-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonsang Yun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea.
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Adams M, Xie J, Chang Y, Kabore AWJ, Chen C. Start-up of Anammox systems with different biochar amendment: Process characteristics and microbial community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148242. [PMID: 34380265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the 'go-to' process when it comes to biological nitrogen removal from wastewaters in recent years, the Anammox process has undergone lots of investigations in order to optimize its performance. In evaluating the effect of distinct biochar types at different concentrations on the Anammox startup process, as well as analyze their corresponding influence on the microbial community structure, three additives (coconut, peach, and bamboo) at either 5%, 10%, or 15% respectively were amended in various Anammox EGSB setups. (i). The 5% coconut biochar amendment resulted in the fastest startup of 46 days with an average ammonium removal efficiency of 96% whereas the control setup took 69 days. Thus, a more robust and cost effective Anammox process could be realized on an industrial scale. (ii) The Illumina high-throughput sequencing of the collected sludge samples indicated that the amendment with distinct biochar resulted in varied prevailing microbial communities in the respective setups. (iii) Proteobacteria was the dominant microbial community. (iv) However, two Anammox bacteria species, Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Jettenia were identified, with relative abundances of 0-4.72% and 0-6.23% respectively. The results from this study illustrate the correlation between Anammox reactor performance (startup and nitrogen removal efficiency), type and concentration of biochar amendment employed, as well as microbial community succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabruk Adams
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Junxiang Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Yaofeng Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | | | - Chongjun Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China.
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Zhao Q, Chen K, Li J, Sun S, Jia T, Huang Y, Peng Y, Zhang L. Pilot-scale evaluation of partial denitrification/anammox on nitrogen removal from low COD/N real sewage based on a modified process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 338:125580. [PMID: 34303144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen removal performance of a pilot-scale biosystem was significantly improved via partial denitrification/anammox (PD/A) in real sewage with low COD/N ratio. The modified pilot plant was designed as an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (AAO) reactor combined with a biological aerated filter. The inoculation of biocarriers into anaerobic and anoxic zones enhanced anammox and the nitrogen removal performance. Despite a COD/N ratio of 3.1, effluent total inorganic nitrogen decreased from 17.1 to 9.8 mg N/L. The anoxic unit developed as the PD/A hotspot, which was associated with the enrichment of Ca. Brocadia (2.00%) and partial denitrification functional groups (OLB14, 13.50%; Thauera, 5.45%) in the anoxic-carrier biofilms and contributed 34.1% towards total nitrogen removal. Besides improving the PD/A process, enhanced denitrifying dephosphatation was simultaneously realized, suggesting that the integration of PD/A into this modified system is a promising approach to enhance nutrient removal of low COD/N wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Kaiqi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Jianwei Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Shihao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Tipei Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yu Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China; Jiangsu Yulong Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, No.6 Huahui Rd., E.P.Industrial Park, Gaocheng Town, Yixing 214214, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
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Nguyen HT, Kim Y, Choi JW, Jeong S, Cho K. Soil microbial communities-mediated bioattenuation in simulated aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) condition: Long-term study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111069. [PMID: 33785325 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the long-term organic removal performance and microbial community shift in simulated aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) conditions. For this purpose, anoxic soil box systems were operated at 15 °C for one year. The results showed that the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) concentration in the anoxic soil box systems was successfully decreased by 79.1%. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration increased during the initial operational periods; however, it subsequently decreased during long-term operation. Readily biodegradable organic fractions (i.e., low-molecular weight (LMW) neutrals and LMW acids) decreased along with time elapsed, whereas non-biodegradable fraction (i.e., humic substances) increased. Proteobacteria and Acidobacteriota were predominant in the anoxic box systems throughout the operational periods. Firmicutes and Bacteroidota suddenly increased during the initial operational period while Gemmatimonadota slightly increased during prolonged long-term operation. Interestingly, the microbial community structures were significantly shifted with respect to the operational periods while the effects of AOC/NO3- addition were negligible. Various bacterial species preferring low temperature or anoxic conditions were detected as predominant bacteria. Some denitrifying (i.e., Noviherbaspirillum denitrificans) and iron reducing bacteria (i.e., Geobacter spp.) appeared during the long-term operation; these bacterial communities also acted as organic degraders in the simulated ASR systems. The findings of this study suggest that the application of natural bioattenuation using indigenous soil microbial communities can be a promising option as an organic carbon management strategy in ASR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Thi Nguyen
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjae Kim
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Choi
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongpil Jeong
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungjin Cho
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Kim EJ, Park S, Adil S, Lee S, Cho K. Biogeochemical Alteration of an Aquifer Soil during In Situ Chemical Oxidation by Hydrogen Peroxide and Peroxymonosulfate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5301-5311. [PMID: 33755424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) on the biogeochemical properties of an aquifer soil were evaluated. Microcosms packed with an aquifer soil were investigated for 4 months in two phases including oxidant exposure (phase I) and biostimulation involving acetate addition (phase II). The geochemical and microbial alterations from different concentrations (0.2 and 50 mM) of hydrogen peroxide (HP) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) were assessed. The 50 mM PMS-treated sample exhibited the most significant geochemical changes, characterized by the decrease in pH and the presence of more crystalline phases. Microbial activity decreased for all ISCO-treated microcosms compared to the controls; particularly, the activity was severely inhibited at high PMS concentration exposure. The soil microbial community structures were shifted after the ISCO treatment, with the high PMS causing the most distinct changes. Microbes such as the Azotobacter chroococcum and Gerobacter spp. increased during phase II of the ISCO treatment, indicating these bacterial communities can promote organic degradation despite the oxidants exposure. The HP (low and high concentrations) and low concentration PMS exposure temporarily impacted the microbial activity, with recovery after some duration, whereas the microbial activity was less recovered after the high concentration PMS exposure. These results suggest that the use of HP and low concentration PMS are suitable ISCO strategies for aquifer soil bioattenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Kim
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Saerom Park
- Urban Water Circulation Research Center, Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Gyeonggi-do 10223, Republic of Korea
| | - Sawaira Adil
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghak Lee
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjin Cho
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Zhao ZQ, Wei XM, Shen XL, Abbas G, Fan R, Jin Y. Aerobic degradation of 4-fluoroaniline and 2,4-difluoroaniline: performance and microbial community in response to the inocula. Biodegradation 2021; 32:53-71. [PMID: 33428058 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-021-09925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a distinct inoculum was investigated as an isolated variable within sequencing batch reactors via a comparison of the 4-fluoroaniline (4-FA) or 2,4-difluoroaniline (2,4-DFA) removal amounts. The inocula were derived from a treatment plant for treating pharmaceutical wastewater plus a small amount of municipal sewage (PMS), a treatment plant for treating fluoridated hydrocarbon wastewater (FHS), and a treatment plant for treating the comprehensive wastewater in an industrial park (CIS). There were slight differences among the degradation patterns of the 4-FA for the three inocula, whether during the enrichment period or the high concentration shock period. In contrast, it was observed that the degradation efficiency of 2,4-DFA initially varied with the inocula. The FHS-derived inoculum was determined to be optimal, exhibiting the earliest degradation reaction only after an acclimation of 7 days had the highest degradation rate constant of 0.519 h-1, and had the fastest recovery time of three weeks after high concentration shock. Additionally, compared with the PMS-derived inoculum, the CIS-derived inoculum exhibited an earlier degradation reaction within three weeks, and a higher microbial diversity, but a lower shock resistance and degradation rate constant of 0.257 h-1. High-throughput sequencing demonstrated that each final consortium was different in composition, and the microbial consortia developed well on the inoculum and substrate. In comparison of the similarity among the three 2,4-DFA enrichment cultures, the higher similarity (63.9-70.0%) among three final consortia enriching with 4-FA was observed. The results indicated that the inoculum played an important role in the degradation of FAs and the microbial bacterial communities of final consortia, and the effect extent might well depend on the fluorinated level of FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qing Zhao
- College of Chemical & Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 324000, People's Republic of China. .,College of Environment & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Meng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region & Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Xiao-Li Shen
- College of Chemical & Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | - Rui Fan
- College of Chemical & Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jin
- College of Chemical & Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 324000, People's Republic of China
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11
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Wu G, Zhang T, Gu M, Chen Z, Yin Q. Review of characteristics of anammox bacteria and strategies for anammox start-up for sustainable wastewater resource management. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:1742-1757. [PMID: 33201840 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater management has experienced different stages, including pollutant removal, resource recovery, and water nexus. Within these stages, anaerobic ammonia oxidation-based biotechnology can be incorporated for nitrogen removal, which can help achieve sustainable wastewater management, such as reclamation and ecologization of wastewater. Here, the physiology, metabolism, reaction kinetics and microbial interactions of anammox bacteria are discussed, and strategies to start-up the anammox system are presented. Anammox bacteria are slow growers with a high doubling time and a low reaction rate. Although most anammox bacteria grow autotrophically, some types can grow mixotrophically. The reaction stoichiometric coefficients can be affected by loading rates and other biological reactions. Microbial interactions also contribute to enhanced biological nitrogen removal and promote activities of anammox bacteria. The start-up of the anammox process is the key aspect for its practical application, which can be realized through seed selection, system stimulation, and biomass concentration enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxue Wu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China E-mail:
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China E-mail:
| | - Mengqi Gu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China E-mail:
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qidong Yin
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China E-mail:
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12
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Choi D, Lee C, Jung J. Innovative start-up strategies for single-stage deammonification with conventional activated sludge: Results of a pilot-scale demonstration. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 309:123423. [PMID: 32361617 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated innovative start-up strategies of a pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for single-stage deammonification using activated sludge as the sole inoculum source. In 24 m3 aerobic oxidizing bacteria cultivation plant, nitrogen loss efficiency was suggested to be an indicator for determining duration of cultivation. In 12 m3 ANAMMOX (ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation) cultivation plant, combined strategy (sequential fed-batch and continuous modes) was adopted to promote ANAMMOX activity from activated sludge. Both the cultivated sludge were inoculated in 24 m3 pilot-plant for single-stage SBR with deammonification. The feed distribution strategy was used to cultivate ANAMMOX bacteria selectively resulting in nitrogen removal rate of 0.73 kg/m3/d and nitrogen removal efficiency of 86.5 ± 1.9% within 254 days. Candidatus Brocadia sp. 40 was enriched from undetectable to 22.7% relative abundance. These findings indicated that fast start-up of the deammonification process was possible without ANAMMOX seed sludge in pilot-scale reactor with various variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehee Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
| | - Chulwoo Lee
- Doosan Heavy Industries and Construction, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea.
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13
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Jo Y, Cho K, Choi H, Lee C. Treatment of low-strength ammonia wastewater by single-stage partial nitritation and anammox using upflow dual-bed gel-carrier reactor (UDGR). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 304:123023. [PMID: 32088631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the single-stage partial nitritation and anammox (S-PNA) treatment of low-strength ammonia wastewater (≤140 mg NH4+-N/L). Upflow dual-bed gel-carrier reactor (UDGR) with polyvinyl alcohol cryogel biocarriers, developed in this study, was employed for the anammox biomass enrichment from conventional activated sludge and subsequent S-PNA experiments. Anammox biomass was successfully enriched from conventional activated sludge. The enriched anammox carriers were inoculated together with gel carriers containing nitrifying sludge into the S-PNA reactors. S-PNA activity developed rapidly, and the nitrogen removal efficiency and rate reached up to 90.1% (with complete ammonia removal) and 0.15 kg N/m3⋅d, respectively, under low nitrogen loading conditions (0.10-0.17 kg N/m3⋅d). The microbial community structure changed significantly while adapting to anammox and S-PNA conditions. Anammox was likely driven solely by a Candidatus Jettenia population accounting for ≤49.4% of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The results demonstrate that the UDGR-based S-PNA is suitable for treating low-strength wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeadam Jo
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjin Cho
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungmin Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoo Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Liu L, Ji M, Wang F, Wang S, Qin G. Insight into the influence of microbial aggregate types on nitrogen removal performance and microbial community in the anammox process - A review and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136571. [PMID: 31986383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process has been paid close attention in the wastewater treatment field because of its energy-saving advantages. Different microbial aggregates have been used in the anammox process, and there is an urgent need to evaluate the comparative efficiencies of the widely used types of microbial aggregates with respect to their nitrogen removal performance as well as microbial community. To address this, 1724 published papers concentrating on three types of microbial aggregates, namely granules, biofilm, and flocs were compiled. A quantitative meta-analysis was carried out to compare the standard error of nitrogen removal efficiencies among these three microbial aggregates. The data sources of this meta-analysis comprised articles on granules (42%), followed by those on biofilm (33%) and flocs (25%). The granular sludge appeared to be competent in achieving the highest average nitrogen removal efficiencies of 81.1%, followed by biofilm (80.8%). Flocs provided comparatively poor removal of nitrogen pollutants with the lowest removal efficiency of 74.1%. Biofilm had the highest abundance of functional microbial communities with 43.4% on Candidatus Kuenenia and 11.2% on Candidatus Brocadia, which were detected in the anammox system as common genera. This meta-analysis suggested that the microbial aggregate types of granules and biofilm had a relatively low heterogeneity and high total nitrogen removal efficiencies for the anammox process and were the recommended microbial aggregates for anammox bacteria cultivation and operation of the anammox process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjie Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Shuya Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Geng Qin
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
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15
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Choi M, Chaudhary R, Lee M, Kim J, Cho K, Chung YC, Bae H, Park J. Enhanced selective enrichment of partial nitritation and anammox bacteria in a novel two-stage continuous flow system using flat-type poly (vinylalcohol) cryogel films. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 300:122546. [PMID: 31918295 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To improve stability of nitrogen removal in partial nitritation (PN)-anammox process, flat-type cryogel films using poly (vinylalcohol) named as FT-CPVAF were applied in continuous reactors. Stable PN operation was maintained with short acclimation of 8 days and ammonium oxidation rate of 1.68 ± 0.12 kg N m-3 d-1 comparatively higher than previous studies. The nitrogen removal, initially inhibited by an oxygen shock, was immediately reactivated with short lag-period by immobilization of anammox bacteria in FT-CPVAF. A novel two-stage PN-anammox process was operated in a continuous flow using FT-CPVAF for treatment of ammonium-rich synthetic wastewater (influent 315 mg NH4+-N L-1) showing 89.6 ± 0.76% of nitrogen removal at short hydraulic retention time (7.7 h). The use of FT-CPVAF enhanced selective enrichment of AOB and anammox bacter ia confirmed by high-throughput sequencing of i.e., relative abundances of Nitrosomonas europaea C-31 (37.14% in PN reactor) and 'Candidatus Jettenia caeni' (34.36% in anammox reactor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyu Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramjee Chaudhary
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjin Cho
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Chung
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyokwan Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 63 Busandeahak-ro, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Li W, Zhuang JL, Zhou YY, Meng FG, Kang D, Zheng P, Shapleigh JP, Liu YD. Metagenomics reveals microbial community differences lead to differential nitrate production in anammox reactors with differing nitrogen loading rates. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115279. [PMID: 31734392 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate production during anammox can decrease total nitrogen removal efficiency, which will negatively impact its usefulness for the removal of nitrogen from waste streams. However, neither the performance characteristics nor physiological shifts associated with nitrate accumulation in anammox reactors under different nitrogen loading rates (NLRs) is well understood. Consequently, these parameters were studied in a lower NLR anammox reactor, termed R1, producing higher than expected levels of nitrate and compared with a higher NLR reactor, termed R2, showing no excess nitrate production. While both reactors showed high NH4+-N removal efficiencies (>90%), the total nitrogen removal efficiency (<60%) was much lower in R1 due to higher nitrate production. Metagenomic analysis found that the number of reads derived from anammox bacteria were significantly higher in R2. Another notable trend in reads occurrence was the relatively higher levels of reads from genes predicted to be nitrite oxidoreductases (nxr) in R1. Binning yielded 27 high quality draft genomes from the two reactors. Analysis of bin occurrence found that R1 showing both a decrease in anammox bacteria and an unexpected increase in nxr. In-situ assays confirmed that R1 had higher rates of nitrite oxidation to nitrate and suggested that it was not solely due to obligate NOB, but other nxr-containing bacteria are important contributors as well. Our results demonstrate that nitrate accumulation can be a serious operational concern for the application of anammox technology to low-strength wastewater treatment and provide insight into the community changes leading to this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Long Zhuang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan-Gang Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangdong, China
| | - Da Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Yong-di Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Li Y, Yu T, Kang D, Shan X, Zheng P, Hu Z, Ding A, Wang R, Zhang M. Sources of anammox granular sludge and their sustainability in treating low-strength wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:229-237. [PMID: 30928715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has been widely applied in the treatment of high-strength nitrogen wastewaters. However, few engineering practices were reported to treat low-strength nitrogen wastewaters. In this study, three types of anammox granular sludge (GS) were separately collected from the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors treating nitrogen wastewaters at high (H-), moderate (M-) and low (L-) nitrogen loading rates (NLRs), and employed for the treatment of low-strength nitrogen wastewater in sequencing batch advanced nitrogen removal (ANR) systems. The ANR system with M-GS (namely M-ANR system) was most useful. At the initial biomass concentration of 2.43 g-VSS·L-1, cycle length of 8 h and influent total nitrogen (TN) concentration of less than 15 mg·L-1, the performance data were as follows: effluent TN of less than 1 mg·L-1, TN removal efficiency of more than 92.8%, the nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of 0.039 kg-N·m-3·d-1. The efficient performance lasted as long as 46 cycles, indicating the sustainability of the M-ANR system. The advanced microscopic analysis and metagenomic analysis were applied to reveal the successful but non-permanent treatment by the M-ANR system. The long-time lag between biomass decay and sludge activity decay provided a window period for the good performance of M-ANR system. However, the weak support of oligotrophic habitat for anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria community was doomed to the degradation of anammox GS, resulting in gradual loss of their activities. A periodic addition of fresh M-GS or a periodic rejuvenation cultivation in the eutrophic habitat is necessary to achieve a permanent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Da Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | - Aqiang Ding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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