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Li C, You E, Ci JX, Huang Q, Zhao YS, Li WZ, Yan YC, Zuo Z. Removal of V(V) from a Mixed Solution Containing Vanadium and Chromium Using a Micropocrous Resin in a Column: Migration Regularity of the Mass Transfer Zone and Analysis of Dynamic Properties. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23688-23702. [PMID: 38854565 PMCID: PMC11154732 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In China, both vanadium(V) and chromium(VI) are present in wastewater resulting from vanadate precipitation (AVP wastewater) and from leaching vanadium-chromium reduction slag. Addressing environmental preservation and the comprehensive utilization of metal resources necessitates the extraction and separation of V(V) and Cr(VI) from these mixed solutions. However, their separation is complicated by very similar physicochemical properties. This study establishes a method for the dynamic selective adsorption of V(V) from such mixtures. It evaluates the impact of various operating conditions in columns on dynamic adsorption behavior. This study examines the migration patterns of the mass transfer zone (MTZ) and forecasts its effective adsorption capacity through multivariate polynomial regression and a neural network (NN) model. The NN model's outcomes are notably more precise. Its analysis reveals that C 0 is the most critical factor, with Q and H following in importance. Furthermore, the dynamic properties were analyzed using two established models, Thomas and Klinkenberg, revealing that both intraparticle and liquid film diffusion influence the rates of exchange adsorption, with intraparticle diffusion being the more significant factor. Using 3 wt % sodium hydroxide as the eluent to elute V(V)-loaded resin at a flow rate of 4 mL/min resulted in a chromium concentration of less than 3 mg/L in the V(V) eluate, indicating high vanadium-chromium separation efficiency in this method. These findings offer theoretical insights and economic analysis data that are crucial for optimizing column operation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
- Southwestern
Institute of Physics, Chengdu610225, China
| | - EnDe You
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
| | - Jia Xiang Ci
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
| | - Qin Huang
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
| | - Wen Zhong Li
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
| | - Yu Cheng Yan
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
| | - Zhuo Zuo
- The
Engineering and Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology, Leshan614000, China
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2
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Lu Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Li J. Purification of acidic wastewater containing Cd(II) using a red mud-loess mixture: Column test, breakthrough curve, and speciation of Cd. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 89:3252-3269. [PMID: 39150424 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the safety of a red mud-loess mixture (RM-L) for the remediation of groundwater polluted by acid mine drainage (AMD) containing Cd(II) in mining areas was systematically analyzed and clarified. The effects of the initial concentration, flow rate, and packing height on the breakthrough performance and longevity of RM-L as a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) packing material were explored by column tests. The results show that the breakthrough time, saturation time, and adsorption capacity of Cd(II) in RM-L increased with decreasing initial concentration and flow rate, as well as increasing packing height. Moreover, RM-L had a long-term effective acid buffering capacity for acidic wastewater containing Cd(II). An increase in the packing height led to a longer longevity of the PRB than the theoretical value. In addition, the speciation of Cd on RM-L was dominated by carbonate form and iron-manganese oxide form. The surface of the RM-L particles evolved from a dense lamellar structure to small globular clusters after purifying the acidic wastewater containing Cd(II), due to the corrosion of H+ and the reoccupation and coverage by increasingly enriched adsorbates and precipitates of heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisi Lu
- Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou 450003, China; College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, China E-mail:
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Tianjin Port Engineering Institute Co., Ltd. of CCCC First Harbor Engineering Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Jiashi Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, China
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3
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Danish M, Ansari KB, Danish M. Adsorptive removal of Pb(II) using nanostructured γ-alumina in a packed bed adsorber: Simulation using gPROMS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:42629-42642. [PMID: 35426557 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, convective-dispersive and pore volume and surface diffusion models have been used to analyze Pb(II) adsorption from an aqueous solution over a nanostructured γ-alumina adsorbent in a packed bed adsorber. The models encompassing partial differential equation and a linear algebraic equation coupled with isotherm have been simulated in gPROMS using the backward finite difference approach. The predicted breakthrough curves of Pb(II) adsorption concerning flow rate, initial metal concentration, and bed height were matched with the experimental data. The accuracy of model predictions was analyzed through statistical measures such as coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error, and chi-squared value. The simulation results also predicted the axial dispersion, distribution coefficient, mass transfer coefficient, pore volume, and surface diffusion coefficient, which are, otherwise, difficult to measure experimentally and, in turn, have been used to assess the mass transfer characteristics of continuous Pb(II) adsorption. Additionally, the values of breakthrough time, exhaustion time, adsorption column capacity, and mass transfer zone were determined as a function of flow rate, bed height, and initial metal concentration. Surface and pore volume diffusions (10-11-10-10 m2/s) apparently controlled the continuous adsorption process, with surface diffusion being dominant. The transport parameters evaluated in the current study could be beneficial for the large-scale Pb(II)/nanostructured γ-alumina adsorption system. As evident from the successful simulation, the developed gPROMS program can also be applied to other adsorbate/adsorbent systems with a slight modification concerning the operating parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Danish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, Aligarh, 202001, India
| | - Khursheed B Ansari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, Aligarh, 202001, India
| | - Mohammad Danish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, Aligarh, 202001, India.
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Huang X, Tang M, Li H, Wang L, Lu S. Adsorption of multicomponent VOCs on various biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbon: A study on adsorption mechanism and competitive effect. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137513. [PMID: 36495972 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived porous carbon materials are potential adsorbents for VOCs. In this work, biomass-derived nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbons (NHPCs) were synthesized by a one-step pyrolysis activation combined with nitrogen doping method from several biomass wastes (corn straw, wheat stalk, bamboo, pine, and corncob). NHPCs have a hierarchical porous structure with micro-meso-macropores distribution, nitrogen doping, large specific surface area, and pore volume. The corncob derived carbon (NHPC-CC) has the best activation result as analyses showed that a lower ash content and higher total cellulose composition content of the biomass result in a better pore activation effect. Single and multi-component dynamic adsorption tests of typical VOCs (benzene, toluene, and chlorobenzene) were conducted on NHPCs in laboratory conditions (∼500 ppm). Promising VOC adsorption capacity and great adsorption kinetics with low mass transfer resistance were found on NHPCs. Correlation analysis showed that the high VOC adsorption capacity and great adsorption kinetics can be attributed to the large surface area of micro-mesopores and the mass transfer channels provided by meso-macropores respectively. The competitive dynamic adsorption tests revealed that the VOC with lower saturated vapor pressure has more adsorption sites on the surface of micro-mesopores and stronger adsorption force, which results in the higher adsorption capacity and desorption caused by substitution reaction in VOCs competitive adsorption process. In detail, the process of toluene and chlorobenzene competitive adsorption was described. Besides, well recyclability of NHPC-CC was revealed as the VOCs adsorption capacity reductions were less than 10% after four adsorption-desorption cycles. All studies showed that the NHPC-CC could be potential adsorbent for VOCs in industrial process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Minghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hongxian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Tran D, Weidhaas J. Ion exchange for effective separation of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) from wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129215. [PMID: 35739737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The explosive 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) presents a physiochemical challenge for treatment of munitions wastewater. Leveraging NTO's ionic character in neutral pH wastewater allows for expanded treatment options. Four commercial drinking water anion exchange resins specific for NO3- and ClO4- were evaluated for NTO adsorption extent, adsorption kinetics, and regeneration potential. Batch studies demonstrated NTO adsorption to all resins tested (max 690 mg NTO/g resin) and that resins were regenerable with 6% NaCl. Adsorption capacities (88-99%) and desorption efficiencies (80-85%) of NTO from the resins remained stable over three loading cycles. Perchlorate selective resins adsorbed more NTO, with larger desorption efficiencies, than nitrate selective resins. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that equilibrium adsorption between NTO and resins occurs within 120 min of exposure, following the pseudo second-order model (K2 range 9.8 × 10-5 to 15 × 10-5 g resin/mg NTO/min). Intraparticle diffusion modeling suggested that boundary-layer diffusion was the predominant sorption mechanism in NTO adsorption to the resins compared to intraparticle diffusion. In synthetic wastewater mixtures of NTO, 2-4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), nitroguanidine (NQ), and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), only NTO was exchanged to any great extent. This work suggests that perchlorate anion exchange resins may be a viable segregation technology for NTO from munitions wastewater as compared to activated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Tran
- University of Utah, 110 Central Campus Drive, Suite 2000, Salt Lake City, UT 84122, USA
| | - Jennifer Weidhaas
- University of Utah, 110 Central Campus Drive, Suite 2000, Salt Lake City, UT 84122, USA.
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6
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Huang X, Li H, Wang L, Tang M, Lu S. Removal of toluene and SO 2 by hierarchical porous carbons: a study on adsorption selectivity and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29117-29129. [PMID: 34997509 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The coal combustion produces a large amount of pollutants such as organic compounds pollutants (such as VOCs, SVOCs) and conventional pollutants (such as SO2, NOx) which need to be controlled in coal-fired plants. Currently, there have been mature emission control technologies for conventional pollutants in coal-combustion flue gas. The complicated conditions of flue gas will have great effects on the property of VOCs adsorbents. Thus, high-quality adsorbents with great adsorption properties and selectivity of VOCs are urgently needed. In this work, a biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbon (HPC-A) with high adsorption capacity (585 mg/g) and great selectivity of toluene was proposed. Analyses through the competitive adsorption tests between toluene and SO2 indicated that the pore size distributions of adsorbents dominate the adsorption capacity and selectivity. The ultramicropores (< 0.7 nm) determine the SO2 adsorption capacity and promote the SO2 adsorption selectivity, while the micropores of 0.7 ~ 2 nm and mesopores are beneficial for toluene adsorption. Intriguingly, the SO2 molecules can promote the toluene adsorption kinetics on hierarchical porous carbons through occupying ultramicropores when competitive adsorption. Besides, we indicated the mechanism of adsorption capacity, selectivity, and kinetics of toluene and SO2, and great reusability of HPC-A was found through toluene cyclic adsorption tests. The HPC-A could be a potential adsorbent for VOCs removal from coal-combustion flue gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hongxian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Minghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Westesen A, Fiskum S, Cantaloub M, Peterson R. Insight into ion exchange column dynamics through application of an analytical model of system performance. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1881796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Westesen
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
| | - S.K. Fiskum
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
| | - M.G. Cantaloub
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
| | - R.A. Peterson
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
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Lu S, Huang X, Tang M, Peng Y, Wang S, Makwarimba CP. Synthesis of N-doped hierarchical porous carbon with excellent toluene adsorption properties and its activation mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117113. [PMID: 33892463 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Typical organic pollutants from coal-combustion flue gas such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) need to be effectively controlled. This work synthesized a series of nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbons (NHPCs) by one-step activation with various proportions of cellulose, (NH4)2C2O4 and KHCO3/NaHCO3. The NHPCs have a high specific surface area and pore volume up to 2816 m2/g and 1.413 cm3/g as well as a hierarchical porous structure with micro-meso-macropores distribution. The dynamic adsorption tests of toluene at 600 ppm showed that NHPCs have a high adsorption capacity up to 585 mg/g (NHPC(K)131), this was about 3 times more than that of AC (208 mg/g), and is a better absorbent compared to many other carbon adsorbents. The porous characteristics and toluene adsorption properties of NHPCs improved along with the fluctuation of the proportions of raw materials and active agents. The micropore size of the material is the main factor that affecting the toluene adsorption capacity. The analysis of toluene dynamic adsorption breakthrough curves revealed that NHPCs had great toluene adsorption kinetics with high adsorption rate constants and short mass transfer zone. The excellent toluene adsorption kinetics of NHPCs can be attributed to the hierarchical porous structure. The abundant 2-10 nm mesopores and macropores of NHPCs act as mass transfer channels for toluene molecules. The XPS analysis showed that the NHPCs have nitrogen doping up to 6.71% (NHPC(Na)161) and they effectively promote toluene adsorption. The nitrogen doping mechanism can be attributed to the reactions between cellulose pyrolysis substances and NH3 which decomposed from (NH4)2C2O4. Moreover, the pore forming reactivity of KHCO3 is better than that of NaHCO3 in the NHPCs activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xinlei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Minghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Yaqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shuchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chengetai Portia Makwarimba
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Zheng J, He X, Cai C, Xiao J, Liu Y, Chen Z, Pan B, Lin X. Adsorption isotherm, kinetics simulation and breakthrough analysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural adsorption/desorption behavior of a novel polar-modified post-cross-linked poly (divinylbenzene-co-ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate) resin. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124732. [PMID: 31499304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A polar modified post-cross-linked poly (divinylbenzene-co-ethyleneglycol-dimethacrylate) (PCL-PDE) resin was synthesized by suspension polymerization of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and divinylbenzene (DVB), and a post-cross-linked reaction. After characterization, the adsorption behaviors of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) on PCL-PDE resin were determined in comparison with the starting copolymers PDE resin. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of 5-HMF on PCL-PDE resin was much larger than PDE resin and the increase rate was greater than 52.6%. The equilibrium data of 5-HMF onto PCL-PDE resin were found to be better fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetic data shows that the adsorption reached equilibrium in a short time (less than 20 min) can be fitted by the pore diffusion model (PDM) at various operating conditions. The effective pore diffusion coefficient was dependent upon adsorption temperature, and were 6.706 × 10-10, 8.958 × 10-10, 1.136 × 10-9 and 1.429 × 10-9 m2 s-1 at 288, 298, 308 and 318 K, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of feed flow rate (Qf = 0.6, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mL min-1) and initial 5-HMF concentration (cf = 0.52, 1.02, 2.00 and 4.96 g L-1) on the adsorption were investigated systematically. Besides, a general rate model (GRM) was used to predict adsorption breakthrough curves of 5-HMF. The simulation results are highly consistent with the experimental data, indicating that the GRM can successfully simulate this process. In the desorption process, the desorption capacity reaches 99.6% of adsorbed capacity, suggesting that the PCL-PDE resin exhibited good reusability. Therefore, it could be suggested that the PCL-PDE resin has a potential application in the separation and purification of 5-HMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianda He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chiliu Cai
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Nengyuan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangxiong Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoying Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; Bioenergy Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
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