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Miles SM, Balaberda AL, Leshuk TMC, Peru K, Headley J, Gu F, Ulrich AC. A multi-step approach: Coupling of biodegradation and UV photocatalytic oxidation TiO 2 for the treatment of naphthenic acid fraction compounds in oil sands process-affected water. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142502. [PMID: 38838863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Bitumen extraction in Alberta's oil sands region uses large volumes of water, leading to an abundance of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). OSPW contains naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs) which have been found to contribute to OSPW toxicity. This study utilized a multistep treatment, coupling biological degradation with UV photocatalytic oxidation, and nutrient addition to boost the native microbial community's degradation capacity. OSPW initially contained 40-42 mg/L NAFCs with a toxicity of 3.8-3.9 TU. Initial biodegradation (Step 1) was used to remove the easily biodegradable NAFCs (11-25% removal), followed by a light or heavy dose of oxidation (Step 2) to breakdown the recalcitrant NAFCs (66-82% removal). Lastly, post-oxidation biodegradation with nutrients (Step 3) removed the residual bioavailable NAFCs (16-31% removal). By the end of the multistep treatment, the final NAFC concentrations and toxicity ranged from 5.3 to 6.8 mg/L and 1.1-1.2 TU. Analysis showed that OPSW was limited in phosphorus (below detection limit), and the addition of nutrients improved the degradation of NAFCs. Two treatments throughout the multistep treatment never received nutrients and showed minimal NAFC degradation post-oxidation. The native microbial community survived the stress from UV photocatalytic oxidation as seen by the post-oxidation NAFC biodegradation. Microbial community diversity was reduced considerably following oxidation, but increased with nutrient addition. The microbial community consisted predominately of Proteobacteria (Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria), and the composition shifted depending on the level of oxidation received. Possible NAFC-degrading microbes identified after a light oxidation dose included Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Xanthomonadales, while Xanthobacteracea and Rhodococcus were the dominant microbes after heavy oxidation. This experiment confirms that the microbial community is capable of degrading NAFCs and withstanding oxidative stress, and that degradation is further enhanced with the addition of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Miles
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Amy-Lynne Balaberda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Timothy M C Leshuk
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kerry Peru
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - John Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Frank Gu
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ania C Ulrich
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
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2
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Hou J, Cai Y, Wang J, Zan S, Li Z, Zhu T. Enhanced bioremediation of cyclohexaneacetic acid in offshore sediments with green synthetic iron oxide and Pseudoalteromonas sp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38770-38780. [PMID: 36481851 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) have been found to exert serious threats on offshore sediment ecosystems and human health in recent years, which entails us the urgent need for NAs remediation. Bioremediation is considered an ideal method for sediment remediation due to ecological sustainability and economic feasibility. However, current bioremediation efficiency of offshore sediments suffers from relatively slow and there has never any attempts to bioremediate offshore sediment NAs contamination hitherto. In this study, the green synthetic iron oxides (gFeOx) based on Laminaria extracts was employed to enhance the biodegradation of NAs (Cyclohexylacetic acid, CHAA) in offshore sediments by Pseudoalteromonas sp. JSTW (an indigenous microorganism). The results showed that CHAA (20 mg·kg-1) in offshore sediments was removed almost 100% within 7 days at 30 mg·kg-1 gFeOx and 0.6 mg·kg-1 Strain JSTW. High-throughput sequencing results revealed that the structure and function of sediment microbial community were essentially restored to uncontaminated levels after bioremediation, highlighting the joint remediation approach is an efficient and eco-friendly method. Overall, this work has firstly provided insights into the application for NAs in situ bioremediation in offshore sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, P.R.C., 116024, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxue Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, P.R.C., 116024, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, P.R.C., 116024, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuaijun Zan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, P.R.C., 116024, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zelong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, P.R.C., 116024, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongxian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, P.R.C., 116024, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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3
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Vander Meulen IJ, Steiger BGK, Asadi M, Peru KM, Degenhardt D, McMartin DW, McPhedran KN, Wilson LD, Headley JV. Low adsorption affinity of athabasca oil sands naphthenic acid fraction compounds to a peat-mineral mixture. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142076. [PMID: 38670506 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Much of the toxicity in oil sands process-affected water in Athabasca oil sands tailings has been attributed to naphthenic acids (NAs) and associated naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs). Previous work has characterized the environmental behaviour and fate of these compounds, particularly in the context of constructed treatment wetlands. There is evidence that wetlands can attenuate NAFCs in natural and engineered contexts, but relative contributions of chemical, biotic, and physical adsorption with sequestration require deconvolution. In this work, the objective was to evaluate the extent to which prospective wetland substrate material may adsorb NAFCs using a peat-mineral mix (PMM) sourced from the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR). The PMM and NAFCs were first mixed and then equilibrated across a range of NAFC concentrations (5-500 mg/L) with moderate ionic strength and hardness (∼200 ppm combined Ca2+ and Mg2+) that approximate wetland water chemistry. Under these experimental conditions, low sorption of NAFCs to PMM was observed, where sorbed concentrations of NAFCs were approximately zero mg/kg at equilibrium. When NAFCs and PMM were mixed and equilibrated together at environmentally relevant concentrations, formula diversity increased more than could be explained by combining constituent spectra. The TOC present in this PMM was largely cellulose-derived, with low levels of thermally recalcitrant carbon (e.g., lignin, black carbon). The apparent enhancement of the concentration and diversity of components in PMM/NAFCs mixtures are likely related to aqueous solubility of some PMM-derived organic materials, as post-hoc combination of dissolved components from PMM and NAFCs cannot replicate enhanced complexity observed when the two components are agitated and equilibrated together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Vander Meulen
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Bernd G K Steiger
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Chemistry, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohsen Asadi
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Dani Degenhardt
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dena W McMartin
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Office of the Vice President (Research), University of Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Kerry N McPhedran
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lee D Wilson
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Chemistry, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Asiedu E, Zhao K, Anwar MN, Ross M, Balaberda AL, Ulrich AC. Biodegradation in oil sands process-affected water: A comprehensive laboratory analysis of the in situ biodegradation of dissolved organic acids. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:141018. [PMID: 38141671 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is a by-product of the extraction of bitumen, and volumes of OSPW have accumulated across the Alberta oil sands region due to the governments zero-discharge policy. Some dissolved organics in OSPW, including toxic naphthenic acids (NAs), can be biodegraded in oxic conditions, thereby reducing the toxicity of OSPW. While there has been much focus on degradation of NAs, the biodegradation of other dissolved organic chemicals by endogenous organisms remains understudied. Here, using the HPLC-ultrahigh resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry, we examined the microbial biodegradation of dissolved organic acids in OSPW. Non-targeted analysis enabled the estimation of biodegradation rates for unique heteroatomic chemical classes detected in negative ion mode. The microcosm experiments were conducted with and without nutrient supplementation, and the changes in the microbial community over time were investigated. Without added nutrients, internal standard-adjusted intensities of all organics, including NAs, were largely unchanged. The addition of nutrients increased the biodegradation rate of O2- and SO2- chemical classes. While anoxic biodegradation can occur in tailings ponds and end pit lakes, microbial community analyses confirmed that the presence of oxygen stimulated biodegradation of the OSPW samples studied. We detected several aerobic hydrocarbon-degrading microbes (e.g., Pseudomonas and Brevundimonas), and microbes capable of degrading sulfur-containing hydrocarbons (e.g., Microbacterium). Microbial community diversity decreased over time with nutrient addition. Overall, the results from this study indicate that toxic dissolved organics beyond NAs can be biodegraded by endogenous organisms in OSPW, but reaffirms that biological treatment strategies require careful consideration of how nutrients and dissolved oxygen may impact efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Asiedu
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Kankan Zhao
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mian Nabeel Anwar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Matthew Ross
- Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, T5J 2P2, Canada
| | - Amy-Lynne Balaberda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Ania C Ulrich
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Reis PCJ, Correa-Garcia S, Tremblay J, Beaulieu-Laliberté A, Muench DG, Ahad JME, Yergeau E, Comte J, Martineau C. Microbial degradation of naphthenic acids using constructed wetland treatment systems: metabolic and genomic insights for improved bioremediation of process-affected water. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad153. [PMID: 38012121 PMCID: PMC10710301 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are a complex mixture of organic compounds released during bitumen extraction from mined oil sands that are important contaminants of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). NAs can be toxic to aquatic organisms and, therefore, are a main target compound for OSPW. The ability of microorganisms to degrade NAs can be exploited for bioremediation of OSPW using constructed wetland treatment systems (CWTS), which represent a possible low energy and low-cost option for scalable in situ NA removal. Recent advances in genomics and analytical chemistry have provided insights into a better understanding of the metabolic pathways and genes involved in NA degradation. Here, we discuss the ecology of microbial NA degradation with a focus on CWTS and summarize the current knowledge related to the metabolic pathways and genes used by microorganisms to degrade NAs. Evidence to date suggests that NAs are mostly degraded aerobically through ring cleavage via the beta-oxidation pathway, which can be combined with other steps such as aromatization, alpha-oxidation, omega-oxidation, or activation as coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters. Anaerobic NA degradation has also been reported via the production of benzoyl-CoA as an intermediate and/or through the involvement of methanogens or nitrate, sulfate, and iron reducers. Furthermore, we discuss how genomic, statistical, and modeling tools can assist in the development of improved bioremediation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C J Reis
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, QC, Canada
| | - Sara Correa-Garcia
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Québec city, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Julien Tremblay
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Québec city, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
- Energy, Mining and Environment, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Aurélie Beaulieu-Laliberté
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, QC, Canada
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie (GRIL), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Douglas G Muench
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jason M E Ahad
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec city, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Etienne Yergeau
- Energy, Mining and Environment, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Jérôme Comte
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, QC, Canada
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie (GRIL), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christine Martineau
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Québec city, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
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A microbial solution to oil sand pollution: Understanding the microbiomes, metabolic pathways and mechanisms involved in naphthenic acid (NA) biodegradation. ADV ECOL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Alberts ME, Wong J, Hindle R, Degenhardt D, Krygier R, Turner RJ, Muench DG. Detection of naphthenic acid uptake into root and shoot tissues indicates a direct role for plants in the remediation of oil sands process-affected water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148857. [PMID: 34328940 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bitumen extraction from surface-mined oil sands deposits results in the accumulation of large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). Naphthenic acids (NAs) are primary contributors to OSPW toxicity and have been a focal point for the development of OSPW remediation strategies. Phytoremediation is an approach that utilizes plants and their associated microbes to remediate contaminants from soil and groundwater. While previous evidence has indicated a role for phytoremediation in OSPW treatment through the transformation and degradation of NAs, there are no reports that demonstrate the direct uptake of NAs into plant tissue. Using NAs labelled with 14C radioisotopes (14C-NAs) paired with whole-plant autoradiography, we show that NAs representing aliphatic (linear), single-ring, and diamondoid compounds were effectively removed from hydroponic solution and OSPW-treated soil by sandbar willow (Salix interior) and slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus) and their associated microbiomes. The NA-derived 14C label accumulated in root and shoot tissues of both plant species and was concentrated in vascular tissue and rapidly growing sink tissues, indicating that 14C-NAs or their metabolic derivatives were incorporated into physiological processes within the plants. Slender wheatgrass seedlings grown under axenic (sterile) hydroponic and soil conditions also effectively removed all 14C-NAs, including a highly stable diamondoid NA, demonstrating that plants can directly take up simple and complex NAs without the assistance of microbes. Furthermore, root and shoot tissue fractionation into major biomolecule groups suggests that NA-derived carbon is allocated toward biomolecule synthesis rapidly after NA treatment. These findings provide evidence of plant-mediated uptake of NAs and support a direct role for plants and their associated microbes in the development of future large-scale OSPW phytoremediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Alberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeremy Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ralph Hindle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Vogon Laboratory Services Ltd., Cochrane, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dani Degenhardt
- Natural Resources Canada (Canadian Forest Service), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Krygier
- Natural Resources Canada (Canadian Forest Service), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raymond J Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas G Muench
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Abstract
Oil sands surface mining in Alberta has generated over a billion cubic metres of waste, known as tailings, consisting of sands, silts, clays, and process-affected water that contains toxic organic compounds and chemical constituents. All of these tailings will eventually be reclaimed and integrated into one of two types of mine closure landforms: end pit lakes (EPLs) or terrestrial landforms with a wetland feature. In EPLs, tailings deposits are capped with several metres of water while in terrestrial landforms, tailings are capped with solid materials, such as sand or overburden. Because tailings landforms are relatively new, past research has heavily focused on the geotechnical and biogeochemical characteristics of tailings in temporary storage ponds, referred to as tailings ponds. As such, the geochemical stability of tailings landforms remains largely unknown. This review discusses five mechanisms of geochemical change expected in tailings landforms: consolidation, chemical mass loading via pore water fluxes, biogeochemical cycling, polymer degradation, and surface water and groundwater interactions. Key considerations and knowledge gaps with regard to the long-term geochemical stability of tailings landforms are identified, including salt fluxes and subsequent water quality, bioremediation and biogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and the biogeochemical implications of various tailings treatment methods meant to improve geotechnical properties of tailings, such as flocculant (polyacrylamide) and coagulant (gypsum) addition.
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Miles SM, Asiedu E, Balaberda AL, Ulrich AC. Oil sands process affected water sourced Trichoderma harzianum demonstrates capacity for mycoremediation of naphthenic acid fraction compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127281. [PMID: 32540545 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Development of Alberta's oil sands requires large volumes of water, leading to the abundance of oil sands process affected water (OSPW) that must be remediated prior to discharge or reuse. OSPW contains a variety of dissolved organic compounds, however naphthenic acids (NAs) have been found to contribute significantly to the toxicity of OSPW. A fungus, Trichoderma harzianum, isolated directly from OSPW, has previously demonstrated a high tolerance and capacity for growth in the presence of commercial NAs. This study conducted microcosm experiments to elucidate and characterize the capacity of T. harzianum to degrade labile commercial NAs (Merichem), and OSPW-sourced naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs). Additionally, two model NA compounds, the simple single ring cyclohexane carboxylic acid (CHCA) and complex diamondoid 1-adamanatane carboxylic acid (ADA), were utilized to determine the influence of NA structure on degradation. T. harzianum degraded 14% of CHCA, 13% of ADA, and 23-47% of Merichem NAs. Additionally, Orbitrap mass spectrometry revealed a large change in Z-series within NAFCs. This removal and shift in composition correlated to a 59% and 52% drop in toxicity as per Microtox, for Merichem NAs and NAFCs respectively. This proof of concept experiment confirms that the fungal species T. harzianum can contribute to the biodegradation of complex dissolved organics found in OSPW, including cyclic and diamondoid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Miles
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Evelyn Asiedu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy-Lynne Balaberda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ania C Ulrich
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Ultraviolet-B radiation of Haematococcus pluvialis for enhanced biological contact oxidation pretreatment of black odorous water in the symbiotic system of algae and bacteria. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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