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Mohsen M, Ismail S, Yuan X, Yu Z, Lin C, Yang H. Sea cucumber physiological response to abiotic stress: Emergent contaminants and climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172208. [PMID: 38583632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The ocean is facing a multitude of abiotic stresses due to factors such as climate change and pollution. Understanding how organisms in the ocean respond to these global changes is vital to better predicting consequences. Sea cucumbers are popular echinoderms with multiple ecological, nutritional, and pharmaceutical benefits. Here, we reviewed the effects of environmental change on an ecologically important echinoderm of the ocean, aiming to understand their response better, which could facilitate healthy culture programs under environmental changes and draw attention to knowledge gaps. After screening articles from the databases, 142 studies were included on the influence of emergent contaminants and climate variation on the early developmental stages and adults of sea cucumbers. We outlined the potential mechanism underlying the physiological response of sea cucumbers to emerging contaminants and climate change. It can be concluded that the physiological response of sea cucumbers to emergent contaminants differs from their response to climate change. Sea cucumbers could accumulate pollutants in their organs but are aestivated when exposed to extreme climate change. Research showed that the physiological response of sea cucumbers to pollutants indicates that these pollutants impair critical physiological processes, particularly during the more susceptible early phases of development compared to adults, and the accumulation of these pollutants in adults is often observed. For climate change, sea cucumbers showed gradual adaptation to the slight variation. However, sea cucumbers undergo aestivation under extreme conditions. Based on this review, critical suggestions for future research are presented, and we call for more efforts focusing on the co-occurrence of different stressors to extend the knowledge regarding the effects of environmental changes on these economically and ecologically important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohsen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Sherif Ismail
- Environmental Engineering Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44519, Egypt; Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Xiutang Yuan
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Zonghe Yu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenggang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Morroni L, Rakaj A, Grosso L, Flori G, Fianchini A, Pellegrini D, Regoli F. Echinoderm larvae as bioindicators for the assessment of marine pollution: Sea urchin and sea cucumber responsiveness and future perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122285. [PMID: 37527758 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Echinoderms play a crucial role in the functioning of marine ecosystems and due to their extensive distribution, rapid response, and the high sensitivity of their planktonic larvae to a large range of stressors, some species are widely used as biological indicators. In addition to sea urchins, sea cucumbers have recently been implemented in embryotoxicity bioassays showing high potential in ecotoxicological studies. However, the use of this species is still hindered by a lack of knowledge regarding their comparative responsiveness. The present study aimed to investigate the responsiveness of different echinoderm species to environmental pollution in order to develop their integration in batteries of ecotoxicological bioassays. To this end, the embryos of two sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) and two sea cucumbers (Holothuria polii and Holothuria tubulosa) were incubated with inorganic and organic toxicants (cadmium, copper, mercury, lead, sodium dodecyl sulphate and 4-n-Nonhyphenol) and elutriates from contaminated marine sediments, chosen as a case study model. The results obtained, expressed through the percentage of abnormal embryos and Integrative Toxicity Indices (ITI), indicated species-specific sensitivities to pollutants, with comparable and correlated responsiveness between sea urchins and sea cucumbers. More specifically, sea cucumber larvae exposed to elutriates appear to be more sensitive than sea urchins, especially when incubated with samples containing trace metals, PCB and TBT. These results indicate that toxic responses in embryos exposed to environmental matrices are probably modulated by interactions between different variables, including additive, synergistic and antagonistic effects. These findings suggest that performing a larval test using different echinoderm classes can integrate the interactive effects of bioavailable fraction of contaminants on various levels, providing sensitive, representative and all year-round batteries of bioassays to apply in ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Morroni
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Livorno, Italy
| | - Arnold Rakaj
- Laboratorio di Ecologia Sperimentale ed Acquacoltura, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy.
| | - Luca Grosso
- Laboratorio di Ecologia Sperimentale ed Acquacoltura, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Gaia Flori
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fianchini
- Laboratorio di Ecologia Sperimentale ed Acquacoltura, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - David Pellegrini
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Livorno, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Gómez-Regalado MDC, Martín J, Hidalgo F, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E, Zafra-Gómez A. Uptake and depuration of three common antibiotics in benthic organisms: Sea cucumber (Holothuria tubulosa), snakelocks anemone (Anemonia sulcata) and beadlet anemone (Actinia equina). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116082. [PMID: 37164284 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used drugs in human and veterinary medicine, which has attracted great attention in relation to the development of bacterial resistance, currently a problem of great concern for governments and states, as it is related to the resurgence of infectious diseases already eradicated. Understanding the bioaccumulation of antibiotics in aquatic organisms is an important key to understanding their risk assessment. The present study was designed to study the bioaccumulation of target antibiotics in relevant organisms inhabiting benthic marine environments. The uptake and elimination of ciprofloxacin (CIP), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) were investigated in sea cucumbers (Holothuria tubulosa), snakelock anemone (Anemonia sulcata) and beadlet anemone (Actinia equina) under controlled laboratory conditions. The results show that antibiotics have a particular trend over time during all periods of absorption and depuration. The tissue distribution of antibiotics in sea cucumber is strongly influenced by the structure of the compounds, while CIP is concentrated in the body wall; TMP is concentrated in the digestive tract. Two different approaches were used to estimate bioconcentration factors (BCFs) in different animal models, based on toxicokinetic data and measured steady-state concentrations. The BCF ranges were 456-2731 L/kg, 6-511 L/kg and 9-100 L/kg for TMP, CIP and SMX, respectively. The estimated BCF values obtained classify TMP as cumulative in A. equina and H. tubulosa, underlining the potential bioconcentration in these marine organisms. A correlation was observed between the BCFs of the target antibiotics and the octanol-water distribution coefficient (Dow) (r2 > 0.7). The animal-specific BCF followed the order of beadlet anemone > sea cucumber > snakelock anemone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain.
| | - Felix Hidalgo
- Department of Zoology, Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, E-18016, Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, INYTA, University of Granada, Spain.
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Grosso L, Rampacci M, Pensa D, Fianchini A, Batır E, Aydın İ, Ciriminna L, Felix PM, Pombo A, Lovatelli A, Vizzini S, Scardi M, Rakaj A. Evaluating sea cucumbers as extractive species for benthic bioremediation in mussel farms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1457. [PMID: 36702945 PMCID: PMC9879929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Filter-feeding mussels blend suspended particles into faeces and pseudo-faeces enhancing organic matter flows between the water column and the bottom, and strengthening benthic-pelagic coupling. Inside operating farms, high bivalve densities in relatively confined areas result in an elevated rate of organic sinking to the seabed, which may cause a localized impact in the immediate surrounding. Deposit-feeding sea cucumbers are potentially optimal candidates to bioremediate mussel organic waste, due to their ability to process organic-enriched sediments impacted by aquaculture waste. However, although the feasibility of this polyculture has been investigated for a few Indo-Pacific species, little is known about Atlanto-Mediterranean species. Hence, for the first time, in the present study, we conducted a comparative investigation on the suitability of different Mediterranean sea cucumber species, to be reared in Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) with mussels. A pilot-scale experiment was accomplished operating within a mussel farm where two sea cucumbers species, Holothuria tubulosa and Holothuria polii, were caged beneath the long-line mussel farm of Mytilus galloprovincialis. After four months, H. tubulosa showed high survivorship (94%) and positive somatic growth (6.07%); conversely H. polii showed negative growth (- 25.37%), although 92% of specimens survived. Furthermore, sea cucumber growth was size-dependent. In fact, smaller individuals, independently from the species, grew significantly faster than larger ones. These results evidenced a clear difference in the suitability of the two sea cucumber species for IMTA with M. galloprovincialis, probably due to their different trophic ecology (feeding specialization on different microhabitats, i.e. different sediment layers). Specifically, H. tubulosa seems to be an optimal candidate as extractive species both for polycultures production and waste bioremediation in M. galloprovincialis operating farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Grosso
- Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Cracovia 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Rampacci
- Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Cracovia 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- A.Ge.I. Agricoltura Gestione Ittica S.C.R.L., Via Orti Della Farnesina 116, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Pensa
- Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Cracovia 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fianchini
- Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Cracovia 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Esin Batır
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, 61025, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - İlhan Aydın
- General Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Dumlupınar Ave., 161/1, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Laura Ciriminna
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pedro M Felix
- Faculdade de Ciências, MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Pombo
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Alessandro Lovatelli
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Resources Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatrice Vizzini
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
- National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences-CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 6, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Scardi
- Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Cracovia 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences-CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 6, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Arnold Rakaj
- Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Cracovia 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences-CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 6, 00196, Rome, Italy.
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Effects of Sulfamethoxazole on Fertilization and Embryo Development in the Arbacia lixula Sea Urchin. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182483. [PMID: 36139342 PMCID: PMC9495157 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Drugs released into the aquatic environment create serious problems for the organisms that live there. For this reason, the present study investigates the in vitro effects of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, widely found in wastewater, on the fertilization and development of the Arbacia lixula sea urchin. The results showed a significant reduction in the percentage of fertilized oocytes at the highest drug concentrations, together with an increase in anomalies and delays in the development of the embryo. Therefore, the data obtained suggest urgent intervention on the release of these drugs in order to prevent important alterations in the species’ development and to preserve biodiversity. Abstract To date, drugs released into the aquatic environment are a real problem, and among antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole is the one most widely found in wastewater; thus, the evaluation of its toxicity on marine organisms is very important. This study, for the first time, investigates the in vitro effects of 4 concentrations of sulfamethoxazole (0.05 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 50 mg/L) on the fertilization and development of the sea urchin Arbacia lixula. The gametes were exposed to drugs in three different stages: simultaneously with, prior to, and post-fertilization. The results show a significant reduction in the percentage of fertilized oocytes at the highest drug concentrations. Moreover, an increase in anomalies and delays in embryo development following the treatment with the drug was demonstrated. Therefore, the data suggest that this antibiotic can alter the development of marine organisms, making it urgent to act to reduce their release and to determine the concentration range with the greatest impact.
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Li X, Wang C, Li N, Gao Y, Ju Z, Liao G, Xiong D. Combined Effects of Elevated Temperature and Crude Oil Pollution on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Sea Cucumber ( Apostichopus japonicus, Selenka). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020801. [PMID: 33477823 PMCID: PMC7832845 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, global climate change and oil pollution are two main environmental concerns for sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) aquaculture. However, no study has been conducted on the combined effects of elevated temperature and oil pollution on sea cucumber. Therefore, in the present study, we treated sea cucumber with elevated temperature (26 °C) alone, water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of Oman crude oil at an optimal temperature of 16 °C, and Oman crude oil WAF at an elevated temperature of 26 °C for 24 h. Results showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and total antioxidant capacity in WAF at 26 °C treatment were higher than that in WAF at 16 °C treatment, as evidenced by 6.03- and 1.31-fold-higher values, respectively. Oxidative damage assessments manifested that WAF at 26 °C treatment caused much severer oxidative damage of the biomacromolecules (including DNA, proteins, and lipids) than 26 °C or WAF at 16 °C treatments did. Moreover, compared to 26 °C or WAF at 16 °C treatments, WAF at 26 °C treatment induced a significant increase in cellular apoptosis by detecting the caspase-3 activity. Our results revealed that co-exposure to elevated temperature and crude oil could simulate higher ROS levels and subsequently cause much severer oxidative damage and cellular apoptosis than crude oil alone on sea cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xishan Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Z.J.)
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (C.W.); (D.X.)
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (C.W.); (D.X.)
| | - Nan Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Z.J.)
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (C.W.); (D.X.)
| | - Yali Gao
- School of Marine Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China;
| | - Zhonglei Ju
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Z.J.)
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (C.W.); (D.X.)
| | - Guoxiang Liao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; (X.L.); (N.L.); (Z.J.)
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, Dalian 116023, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0411-8478-3810
| | - Deqi Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (C.W.); (D.X.)
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Maradonna F, Ancillai D, Notarstefano V, Valenti A, Leoni T, Carnevali O. An integrated approach to evaluate port sediment quality: From chemical characterization to multispecies bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141204. [PMID: 32768784 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Management of dredged sediments results in an environmental and social cost. Based on their level of contamination, they can be intended for beach nourishment or for alternative uses. Sediment quality is established considering their specific chemical contamination level and setting up bioassays to evaluate their toxic effects on living organisms. The integration of these different Line of Evidence (LOE) generates toxicity indexes, the Hazard Chemical Quotient (HQc), and the Hazard Ecotoxicological Quotient (HQe), which are further elaborated using the SediQualSoft software, finally providing evidence on the levels of sediment contamination. In this study, four different dredged sediments were analysed. Except for one, which was sampled in a reference area, the others were assigned to the same class of toxicity, despite they presented different levels of chemical and ecotoxicological toxicity. As a novelty, this study introduces transcriptomics as a new LOE, to provide a new tool to better categorize sediment toxicity. C. gigas embryos were exposed to sediment elutriates, sampled at 5 and 18 h post-fertilization (hpf), and the expression of a set of genes involved in immune and stress response (hsp70, gpx, sod, dehf1, galectin, lysozyme, tg) was analysed by Real-time PCR. Molecular results suggested that the 18 hpf stage represents a sensitive window of exposure during development and can be suggested as a critical time point for ecotoxicity studies. Finally, by multivariate statistical analysis, integrating the well-established LOEs with molecular data, it was demonstrated that transcriptomics could be a useful and novel LOE with the ability to provide greater accuracy in the assessment of sediment toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maradonna
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi - Consorzio Interuniversitario, Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy.
| | - Daniele Ancillai
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Valentina Notarstefano
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valenti
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale delle Marche, Via Federico II 41, Villa Potenza, 62100 Macerata, MC, Italy
| | - Tristano Leoni
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale delle Marche, Via Federico II 41, Villa Potenza, 62100 Macerata, MC, Italy
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi - Consorzio Interuniversitario, Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy
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