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Dong H, Song H, Liu Y, Zou H. Zinc-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Metallothionein Alleviate Arsenic-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Cyprinus Carpio. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:4203-4215. [PMID: 38032437 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a natural component of the Earth's crust, and its inorganic form is highly toxic. The problem of As pollution in water is extremely urgent, and its impact on aquatic organisms should be widely considered. Here, 120 common carp were selected as the test subjects and were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of As (2.83 mg L- 1) for 30 days. Histomorphological observations showed the adverse effects of As on the heart: irregular arrangement of myocardial fibers, rupture of muscle fiber bundles, inflammatory infiltration, and hemorrhages. Mechanistically, abnormal expression of factors related to As-induced inflammation (TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB pathway), endoplasmic reticulum stress (CHOP, GRP78, ATF6, PERK, IRE1) and oxidative stress (SOD, CAT, Nrf2, HO-1) was observed. Then, we tried to find a protective agent against As-induced myocardial injury. As one of the important metal elements for maintaining cell growth and immunity, zinc (Zn, 1 mg L- 1) significantly alleviated the pathological abnormalities induced by As, and the changes in physiological and biochemical indices in response to As exposure were significantly alleviated by Zn administration, which was accompanied by the restoration of metallothionein (ZIP8, Znt1, Znt5, Znt7) and heat shock protein (HSP60, HSP70, HSP90) expression. These results suggest for the possibilty of developing Zn as a candidate therapeutic agent for As induced aquatic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Dong
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hongwei Song
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yachen Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hongfei Zou
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Lemaire J, Bustamante P, Shirley MH. Preliminary assessment of blood mercury contamination in four African crocodile species. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108877. [PMID: 38981413 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in the environment is an increasingly pervasive threat to the long-term persistence of wildlife. As high trophic level consumers, crocodylians are at substantial risk from bioaccumulation of mercury (Hg). Despite that they are generally well-studied and the focal species of many conservation efforts around the world, little is known about Hg contamination levels in most crocodylians. Here we preliminarily evaluate blood Hg contamination in four African species - Central African slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops leptorhynchus), African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis), West African crocodile (Crocodylus suchus), and Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) - from a diversity of sites and habitats across 5 different countries representing varying degrees of environmental pollution. All of our sampled crocodiles were Hg contaminated and, worryingly, these African crocodiles generally showed the highest levels of Hg contamination of any crocodylian species examined to date. Of most concern was that Hg concentrations were not only highest in M. leptorhynchus, the most threatened amongst our study species, but also in individuals sampled in what are believed to be some of the most remote and pristine natural areas left in Africa - Gabon's national parks. Our results underscore the need to better understand the impact of longstanding petroleum, mining, forestry, and agricultural industries on the entire aquatic food chain throughout much of Africa, including on the threatened species in these habitats and the human populations that depend on them for their subsistence and livelihoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Lemaire
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Matthew H Shirley
- Project Mecistops, Sarasota, FL, USA; Global Forensics and Justice Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Lemaire J. Using Crocodylians for monitoring mercury in the tropics. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:977-993. [PMID: 37815690 PMCID: PMC10622360 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercury contamination is a widespread phenomenon that impacts ecosystems worldwide. Artisanal Small Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) activities are responsible for more than a third of atmospheric Hg emission. Due to Hg toxicity and its broad and elevated prevalence in the environment resulting from ASGM activities in the tropics, its biomonitoring is essential to better understand the availability of its methylmercury (MeHg) form in the environment. The Minamata Convention was ratified with the objective to "protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury compounds". Biomagnification of MeHg occurs through the trophic food web, where it biomagnifies and bioaccumulates in top predators. To monitor environmental MeHg contamination, studies have evaluated the use of living organisms; however, reptiles are among the least documented vertebrates regarding MeHg exposure. In this review we evaluate the use of crocodylians for Hg biomonitoring in tropical ecosystems. We found that out of the 28 crocodiles species, only 10 have been evaluated regarding Hg contamination. The remaining challenges when using this taxon for Hg biomonitoring are inconsistencies in the applied methodology (e.g., wet versus dry weight, tissues used, quantification method). However, due to their life history traits, crocodylians are particularly relevant for monitoring MeHg contamination in regions where ASGM activities occur. In conclusion and given their ecological and socio-economic importance, crocodylians are at great risk of MeHg contamination and are excellent bioindicators for tropical ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Lemaire
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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Romero-Calderón AG, Alvarez-Legorreta T, Rendón von Osten J, González-Jáuregui M, Cedeño-Vázquez JR. Stress responses in captive Crocodylus moreletii associated with metal exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119685. [PMID: 35764186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution by metals has repercussions on wildlife health. It is known that some metals can have an influence on the neuroendocrine stress response, and at the same time, metals have pro-oxidant effects that can overwhelm the antioxidant system and cause oxidative stress. This study evaluates the association of metals with neuroendocrine stress activity and biomarkers of oxidative stress in 42 captive female Morelet's crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii). We measured five metals of ecotoxicological importance (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn), and three biomarkers of the oxidative stress response in the liver: glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) as markers for antioxidant system and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) for oxidative damage. We also measured one biomarker of the neuroendocrine response to stress: corticosterone (B) in blood plasma. The mean ± SD concentrations of metals in the liver expressed in μg/g (dw) were: Cd: 0.004 ± 0.003, Hg: 0.014 ± 0.019, Cu: 0.017 ± 0.013, Zn: 0.043 ± 0.035, Pb: 0.16 ± 0.256. The mean ± SD of GSH was 0.42 ± 0.35 nmol/mg protein, the mean ± SD of GSSG was 0.24 ± 0.20 nmol/mg protein, the mean ± SD concentrations of TBARS were 0.36 ± 0.21 nmol/mg protein, and the mean ± SD of B was 393.57 ± 405.14 pg/mL. Hg presented a significant negative relationship with corticosterone. Cd had a negative relationship with both GSH and GSSG; meanwhile, Zn showed a negative relationship with TBARS levels, could be a protective element against hepatic oxidative damage. Finally, B had negative relationship with oxidative damage. The connection found between Hg and the neuroendocrine stress response, as well as the correlations of Cd and Zn with oxidative damage and antioxidant activity should be studied further, given their toxicological importance and implications for the conservation of C. moreletii and other crocodilians.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Romero-Calderón
- Department of Sustainability Sciences. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Av. Centenario Km 5.5, 77014, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
| | - T Alvarez-Legorreta
- Department of Sustainability Sciences. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Av. Centenario Km 5.5, 77014, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
| | - J Rendón von Osten
- Instituto de Ecología, Pesquería y Oceanografía del Golfo de México (EPOMEX), Campus VI, Av. Héroes de Nacozari 480, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, 24070, Campeche, Mexico.
| | - M González-Jáuregui
- Centro de Estudios de Desarrollo Sustentable y Aprovechamiento de la Vida Silvestre (CEDESU), Av. Héroes de Nacozari 480, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, 24070, Campeche, Mexico.
| | - J R Cedeño-Vázquez
- Department of Systematics and Aquatic Ecology. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Av. Centenario Km 5.5, 77014, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
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Gholamhosseini A, Banaee M, Soltanian S, Sakhaie F. Heavy Metals in the Blood Serum and Feces of Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3336-3345. [PMID: 34535881 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to measure concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and iron (Fe) in blood serum and feces of mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) and in water and sediment of their habitat (Negour site, Chabahar County in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Iran). Heavy metal contents in crocodile serum and feces, water, and sediments were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES spectrometer-Spectro Genesis). The highest levels of heavy metals in the mugger crocodile's serum were Fe > Hg > Pb > Cr > Cu > Cd > As, respectively. The total metal concentrations in the feces exhibited the following decreasing order from Fe > As > Pb = Cr > Hg > Cd > Cu. The highest average levels of heavy metals in water were Hg > Fe > As > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd respectively and As > Fe > Pb > Cu > Hg > Cd > Cr in the sediment of lagoons. A significant difference was observed in the concentration of Fe and Pb between male and female crocodiles. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated significant negative correlations between sex and bioconcentrations of Cd, Fe, Pb, As, and Hg in the serum. In conclusion, this study showed that the environmental conditions of Negour lagoons are not suitable for crocodiles regarding habitat health and water quality. Furthermore, since these lagoons and fish are the most important sources of drinking water and seafood for the residents of the area, contamination of these pools with heavy metals can also threaten people's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Gholamhosseini
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health & Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Banaee
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Khuzestan Province, Iran.
| | - Siyavash Soltanian
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health & Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Sakhaie
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Thirion F, Tellez M, Van Damme R, Bervoets L. Trace element concentrations in caudal scutes from Crocodylus moreletii and Crocodylus acutus in Belize in relation to biological variables and land use. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 231:113164. [PMID: 35007829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Crocodylus moreletii (Morelet's crocodile) and Crocodylus acutus (American crocodile) are generalist, apex predators of subtropical aquatic habitats in Central America. As top predators, crocodiles may be exposed to high levels of micro pollutants, such as trace elements via bioaccumulation that enter the food web as a consequence of human activities. As such, the status of their population can be considered indicative of that of the entire ecosystem - i.e., crocodiles constitute as genuine indicator species. In this study, we report on the concentrations of trace elements found in the caudal scutes of 178 specimens of C. acutus and C. moreletii from Belize. Our objectives were three-fold: (1) to assess variation in trace element concentration between species, sexes, age classes and body index; (2) to identify areas with elevated exposure to trace elements by comparing concentrations in the scutes of crocodiles at various sites in Belize; and (3) to explore links between crocodile trace element load and local land use. All elements tested (Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Zn, Co) could be detected in at least some scutes. Many of the readings of As and Co were under or close to the detection limit and were not further analyzed. Relatively high Hg concentrations were observed in adults from Chiquibul Forest (median 3.170 µg/g) and Ambergris Caye (0.834 µg/g). Concentrations of Hg and Pb tended to be higher in adult animals than in juveniles, especially in C. acutus. On the other hand, concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn were higher in juveniles than in subadult adult animals. Concentrations of Cu were higher in C. acutus than in C. moreletii, but otherwise no species-effects were found for the other trace elements. We found a negative correlation between Hg and Zn concentrations; correlations among Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations tended to be positive. In both juveniles and adults, animals with high concentrations of Zn had lower body-indices (a proxy for physiological condition). None of the other element concentrations correlated with the body-index. Specimens of C. acutus were more often sampled at coastal sites, while C. moreletii sampling points were typically closer to agricultural or forested areas. A canonical correlation analysis revealed a significant association between trace element load and habitat characteristics. Animals sampled inland, near submontane forests, contained higher levels of Hg, while animals sampled near agricultural, urban or lowland habitats tended to have higher concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. This study identifies the most prevalent trace element concentrations impacting Belizean watersheds while highlighting the exposure risk to non-essential trace elements in less-urbanised areas or protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Thirion
- Free University of Brussels, Department of Biology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Raoul Van Damme
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- University of Antwerp, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group (SPHERE), Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Dos Santos RL, de Sousa Correia JM, Dos Santos EM. Freshwater aquatic reptiles (Testudines and Crocodylia) as biomonitor models in assessing environmental contamination by inorganic elements and the main analytical techniques used: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:498. [PMID: 34287720 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the general lack of studies that use reptiles as bioindicators, the value of freshwater turtles and crocodilians in ecotoxicology has been proven, due to their importance as sentinel species. The aim of this study was to compile information on the use of freshwater turtles and crocodilians as environmental biomonitors of inorganic element contamination. We searched for articles in databases using specific keywords. A total of 104 studies published between the years 1970 and 2020 were collected. We noted a general increase in the number of studies involving turtles and crocodilians during the study time period. The Order Testudines were the subjects of 46% of the analysed publications, and the Order Crocodylia accounted for 54%. Within these studies, we counted 39 species (turtles n = 29 and crocodilians n = 10). Forty chemical elements were evaluated in the analysed articles, of which the majority represented non-essential elements (Hg, Cd, Pb). Although internal organs constituted the main biological matrix chosen for each group (37%), we observed an increase in the use of non-destructive matrices in both groups (scale, blood, tail muscle, carapace). The majority of analysed studies used HNO3 for the sample decomposition, with the majority of analyses being performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (53%). Mainly blank controls (19%), analyte recovery (18%) and replicates (18%) were used as methods of validating analytical procedures. Furthermore, the studies used certified reference materials, which measure the accuracy of the methods used. We conclude that the increase in the use of aquatic reptiles in environmental monitoring research is mainly due to their ability to reveal integrated changes in ecosystems, aiding in environmental public policy decision-making and effective management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayssa Lima Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Av. Gregório Ferraz Nogueira, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil.
| | | | - Ednilza Maranhão Dos Santos
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Manoel de Medeiros, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Lemaire J, Brischoux F, Marquis O, Mangione R, Bustamante P. Variation of Total Mercury Concentrations in Different Tissues of Three Neotropical Caimans: Implications for Minimally Invasive Biomonitoring. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:15-24. [PMID: 33899129 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00846-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a global environmental contaminant that affects ecosystems. It is known to biomagnify through food webs and to bioaccumulate especially in the tissues of top predators. Large-scale comparisons between taxa and geographic areas are needed to reveal critical trends related to Hg contamination and its deleterious effects on wildlife. Yet, the large variety of tissues (keratinized tissues, internal organs, blood) as well as the variability in the units used to express Hg concentrations (either in wet- or dry-tissue weight) limits straightforward comparisons between studies. In the present study, we assessed the moisture content that could influence the total Hg (THg) concentrations measured in several tissues (claws, scutes, total blood, and red blood cells) of three caiman species. We evaluated the moisture content from the different tissues to provide information on THg concentrations in various matrices. Our results show a difference of THg concentrations between the tissues and intra- and interspecific variations of moisture content, with the highest THg values found in keratinized tissues (scute keratinized layers and claws). For the three species, we found positive relationships between body size and THg concentration in keratinized tissues. In the blood, the relationship between body size and THg concentration was species-dependent. Our results emphasize the need for a standardized evaluation of THg concentration and trace elements quantification based on dry weight analytical procedures. In addition, the use of both blood and keratinized tissues offers the possibility to quantify different time scales of THg exposure by non-lethal sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Lemaire
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France.
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France.
| | - François Brischoux
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Olivier Marquis
- Parc Zoologique de Paris, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 53 Avenue de Saint Maurice, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Rosanna Mangione
- Haus des Meeres Aqua Terra Zoo GmbH, Fritz-Grünbaum Platz 1, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 Rue Descartes, 75005, Paris, France
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Lemaire J, Marquis O, Bustamante P, Mangione R, Brischoux F. I got it from my mother: Inter-nest variation of mercury concentration in neonate Smooth-fronted Caiman (Paleosuchus trigonatus) suggests maternal transfer and possible phenotypical effects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110494. [PMID: 33220243 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of mercury (Hg) contamination are well documented in humans and wildlife. Chronic exposure via diet and maternal transfer are two pathways which increase the toxicological risk for wild populations. However, few studies examined the physiological impact of Hg in crocodilians. We investigated the Hg contamination in neonate Smooth-fronted Caimans, Paleosuchus trigonatus, and the use of keratinized tissues and blood to evaluate maternal transfer. Between November 2017 and February 2020, we sampled 38 neonates from 4 distinct nests. Mercury concentration was measured in claws, scutes and total blood. Highest Hg concentrations were found in claws. Strong inter-nest variations (Hg ranging from 0.17 ± 0.02 to 0.66 ± 0.07 μg.g-1 dw) presumably reflect maternal transfer. Reduced body size in neonates characterized by elevated Hg concentrations suggests an influence of Hg during embryonic development. We emphasize the use of claws as an alternative to egg collection to investigate maternal transfer in crocodilians. Our results demonstrated the need of further investigation of the impact of Hg contamination in the first life stages of crocodilians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Lemaire
- Centre D'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, (CEBC) UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France; Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France.
| | - Olivier Marquis
- Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Parc Zoologique de Paris, 53 Avenue de Saint Maurice, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 Rue Descartes, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Rosanna Mangione
- Haus des Meeres Aqua Terra Zoo GmbH, Fritz-Grünbaum Platz 1, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - François Brischoux
- Centre D'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, (CEBC) UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
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