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Xia R, Sun M, Balcázar JL, Yu P, Hu F, Alvarez PJJ. Benzo[a]pyrene stress impacts adaptive strategies and ecological functions of earthworm intestinal viromes. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023:10.1038/s41396-023-01408-x. [PMID: 37069233 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The earthworm gut virome influences the structure and function of the gut microbiome, which in turn influences worm health and ecological functions. However, despite its ecological and soil quality implications, it remains elusive how earthworm intestinal phages respond to different environmental stress, such as soil pollution. Here we used metagenomics and metatranscriptomics to investigate interactions between the worm intestinal phages and their bacteria under different benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentrations. Low-level BaP (0.1 mg kg-1) stress stimulated microbial metabolism (1.74-fold to control), and enhanced the antiphage defense system (n = 75) against infection (8 phage-host pairs). Low-level BaP exposure resulted in the highest proportion of lysogenic phages (88%), and prophages expressed auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) associated with nutrient transformation (e.g., amino acid metabolism). In contrast, high-level BaP exposure (200 mg kg-1) disrupted microbial metabolism and suppressed the antiphage systems (n = 29), leading to the increase in phage-bacterium association (37 phage-host pairs) and conversion of lysogenic to lytic phages (lysogenic ratio declined to 43%). Despite fluctuating phage-bacterium interactions, phage-encoded AMGs related to microbial antioxidant and pollutant degradation were enriched, apparently to alleviate pollution stress. Overall, these findings expand our knowledge of complex phage-bacterium interactions in pollution-stressed worm guts, and deepen our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary roles of phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xia
- Soil Ecology Lab, Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingming Sun
- Soil Ecology Lab, Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - José Luis Balcázar
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003, Girona, Spain
- University of Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310085, China.
| | - Feng Hu
- Soil Ecology Lab, Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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Choi JS, Lim SH, Jung SR, Lingamdinne LP, Koduru JR, Kwak MY, Yang JK, Kang SH, Chang YY. Experimentally and spectroscopically evidenced mechanistic study of butyl peroxyacid oxidative degradation of benzo[a]pyrene in soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115403. [PMID: 35660830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a major indicator of soil contamination and categorized as a highly persistent, carcinogenic, and mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. An advanced peroxyacid oxidation process was developed to reduce soil pollution caused by BaP originating from creosote spills from railroad sleepers. The pH, organic matter, particle size distribution of soil, and concentrations of BaP and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, and As) in the BaP-contaminated soils were estimated. A batch experiment was conducted to determine the effects of organic acid type, soil particle size, stirring speed, and reaction time on the peroxyacid oxidation of BaP in the soil samples. Additionally, the effect of the organic acid concentration on the peroxyacid degradation of BaP was investigated using an oxidizing agent in spiked soil with and without hydrogen peroxide. The results of the oxidation process indicated that BaP and heavy metal residuals were below acceptable Korean standards. A significant difference in the oxidative degradation of BaP was observed between the spiked and natural soil samples. The formation of a peroxyacid intermediate was primarily responsible for the enhanced BaP oxidation. Further, butyric acid could be reused thrice without losing the efficacy (<90%). The systematic peroxyacid oxidative degradation mechanism of BaP was also discussed. A qualitative analysis of the by-products of the BaP reaction was conducted, and their corresponding toxicities were determined for possible field applications. The findings conclude that the developed peroxyacid oxidation method has potential applications in the treatment of BaP-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Soo Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hwa Lim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rak Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea; Institute of Global Environment Kyunghee University, Seoul, 03134, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Janardhan Reddy Koduru
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Jae-Kyu Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hong Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
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