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Ma X, Feng ZT, Zhou JM, Sun YJ, Zhang QQ. Regulation mechanism of hydrazine and hydroxylamine in nitrogen removal processes: A Comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140670. [PMID: 37951396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
As the new fashioned nitrogen removal process, short-cut nitrification and denitrification (SHARON) process, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process, completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process, partial nitrification and anammox (PN/A) process and partial denitrification and anammox (PD/A) process entered into the public eye due to its advantages of high nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) and low energy consumption. However, the above process also be limited by long-term start-up time, unstable operation, complicated process regulation and so on. As intermediates or by-metabolites of functional microorganisms in above processes, hydroxylamine (NH2OH) and hydrazine (N2H4) improved NRE of the above processes by promoting functional enzyme activity, accelerating electron transport efficiency and regulating distribution of microbial communities. Therefore, this review discussed effects of NH2OH and N2H4 on stability and NRE of above processes, analyzed regulatory mechanism from functional enzyme activity, electron transport efficiency and microbial community distribution. Finally, the challenges and limitations for nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) produced from regulation of NH2OH and N2H4 are discussed. In additional, perspectives on future trends in technology development are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Ze-Tong Feng
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jia-Min Zhou
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Ying-Jun Sun
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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Gong S, Qin Y, Zheng S, Lu T, Yang X, Zeng M, Zhou H, Chen J, Huang W. The rapid start-up of CANON process through adding partial nitration sludge to ANAMMOX system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117821. [PMID: 37001425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to start up the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process after adding partial nitration (PN) sludge to the ANAMMOX reactor, so as to help the rapid start-up and stable operation of the CANON process in practical engineering applications. There were three steps in the research: cultivating the PN sludge, building a reliable ANAMMMOX system, and finally starting and running the CANON process. The PN sludge was successfully cultivated in less than 45 days with around 90% nitrite accumulation rate. The ANAMMOX reactor enriched a significant quantity of red granular sludge within 70 days, achieving the maximum nitrogen removal rate of 1.74 kg/(m3·d). Eventually, the CANON reactor was started up successfully, which achieved 95.08% of average ammonium removal efficiency and 84.51% of average total nitrogen removal efficiency in 60 days. The residual recalcitrant nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in the CANON process was successfully inhibited by intermittent aeration and 12 mg/L free ammonia in UASB reactor. Besides, Candidatus Kuenenia, Candidatus Brocadia and Nitrosomonas were the main functional microorganisms involved in the CANON process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Gong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yujie Qin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Shaohong Zheng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Tiansheng Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiangjing Yang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Ming Zeng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hongen Zhou
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiannv Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Weichan Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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Zhao J, Dong X, Su H, Huang J, Liu Z, He P, Zhang D. Rapid start-up of PN/A process and efficient enrichment of functional bacteria: A novel aerobic-biofilm/anaerobic-granular nitrogen removal system (OANRS). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 380:128944. [PMID: 36963701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactor configuration, control strategy and inoculation method were key factors affecting the rapid start-up of partial nitrification/anammox (PN/A) process and the efficient enrichment of functional bacteria (anammox and ammonia oxidizing bacteria). At present, PN/A process was generally operated through single factor rather than forming a system. In this study, a novel aerobic-biofilm/anaerobic-granular nitrogen removal system (OANRS) was constructed, which consisted of a multi-stage aerobic-biofilm/anaerobic-granular baffle reactor (MOABR) and a control strategy on pH/aeration time. PN process was started within 10d, and PN/A process was started on the basis of stable PN process within 41d. The simultaneous enrichment of functional bacteria was achieved by combining the advantages of single-stage and two-stage PN/A process. The results of high-throughput sequencing showed that Candidatus Kuenenia (20.42 ± 15.88%) was highly enriched in each compartment at day 98, and the relative abundance of Candidatus Kuenenia in the anaerobic compartment R4 was as high as 43.13%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejun Zhao
- CCCC(Tianjin)Eco-Environmental Protection Design & Research Institute Co, Tianjin 300000, PR China; Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Mining & Metallurgy Environmental Pollution Control, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Dong
- CCCC(Tianjin)Eco-Environmental Protection Design & Research Institute Co, Tianjin 300000, PR China
| | - Hao Su
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Mining & Metallurgy Environmental Pollution Control, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, PR China
| | - Jiayin Huang
- CCCC(Tianjin)Eco-Environmental Protection Design & Research Institute Co, Tianjin 300000, PR China
| | - Zuwen Liu
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Mining & Metallurgy Environmental Pollution Control, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, PR China
| | - Pan He
- CCCC(Tianjin)Eco-Environmental Protection Design & Research Institute Co, Tianjin 300000, PR China
| | - Dachao Zhang
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Mining & Metallurgy Environmental Pollution Control, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou City 341000, PR China.
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Tan Q, Xia S, Xu W, Jian Y. Rapid Start-Up Characteristics of Anammox under Different Inoculation Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2979. [PMID: 36833675 PMCID: PMC9957404 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The long multiplication time and extremely demanding enrichment environment requirements of Anammox bacteria (AAOB) have led to difficult reactor start-ups and hindered its practical dissemination. Few feasibility studies have been reported on the recovery of AAOB activity initiation after inlet substrate disconnection caused by an unfavorable condition, and few factors, such as indicators of the recovery process, have been explored. Therefore, in this experiment, two modified expanded granular sludge bed reactors (EGSB) were inoculated with 1.5 L anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) + 1 L Anammox sludge (AMS) (R1) and 2.5 L anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) (R2), respectively. After a long-term (140 days) starvation shock at a high temperature (38 °C), the bacteria population activity recovery experiments were conducted. After 160 days, both reactors were successfully started up, and the total nitrogen removal rates exceeded 87%. Due to the experimental period, the total nitrogen removal rate of R2 was slightly higher than that of R1 in the final stage. However, it is undeniable that R2 had a relatively long activity delay during startup, while R1 had no significant activity delay during startup. The sludge obtained from R1 had a higher specific anammox activity (SAA). Analysis of the extracellular polymer substances (EPS) results showed that the extracellular polymer content in R1 was higher than that in R2 throughout the recovery process, indicating that R1 had higher sludge stability and denitrification performance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that more extracellular filamentous bacteria could be seen in the R1 reactor with better morphology of Anammox bacteria. In contrast, the R2 reactor had fewer extracellular hyphae and micropores as a percentage and higher filamentous bacteria content. The results of microbial 16SrDNA analysis showed that R1 used AAOB as inoculum to initiate Anammox, and the reactor was enriched with Anammox bacteria earlier and in much greater abundance than R2. The experimental results indicated that inoculating mixed anaerobic granular sludge and Anammox sludge to initiate an anammox reactor was more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Tan
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Suhui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Wenlai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yue Jian
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing 402460, China
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Zhang QQ, Liu N, Liu JZ, Yu Y, Fu WJ, Zhao JQ, Jin RC. Decoding the response of complete autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) performance and microbial succession to hydrazine and hydroxylamine: Linking performance to mechanism. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127948. [PMID: 36108938 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The influence of hydrazine (N2H4) and hydroxylamine (NH2OH) on performance and microbial community structures of complete autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process were assessed in this study. Experimental results demonstrated that CANON process was successfully started up and got total nitrogen removal efficiency (TNRE) of 53.6 % ± 9.8 % and 56.4 % ± 6.5 % under 1.0 and 0.5 mg L-1 N2H4 and NH2OH, respectively. N2H4 and NH2OH promoted activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria (AnAOB), and inhibited activity of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Meanwhile, the stable operation of CANON process could be maintained without N2H4 auxiliary. While, performance assisted by NH2OH was fluctuated without NH2OH addition, suggesting that both N2H4 and NH2OH had a persistent and reversible inhibition on NOB. This study reveals new insights into influence of N2H4 and NH2OH on CANON performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Zhang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jin-Ze Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Wen-Jing Fu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Ren-Cun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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Qian Y, Guo Y, Shen J, Qin Y, Li YY. Biofilm growth characterization and treatment performance in a single stage partial nitritation/anammox process with a biofilm carrier. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118437. [PMID: 35447572 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm carriers can avoid microorganism washout while maintaining a high amount of biomass, but are also associated with a long biofilm formation period and biofilm aging. A single stage partial nitritation/anammox process (single stage PN/A) reactor was setup to study the biofilm growth characterization and treatment performance under an NLR of 0.53 to 0.90 gN/L/d over one year. Biofilm growth was divided into three stages: the formation stage, maturation stage and aging stage. The initial biofilm was observed at day 84. A nitrogen removal efficiency of 83.4% was achieved at an NLR of 0.90 gN/L/d during the mature biofilm stage. Starvation, nitrogen gas accumulation and hydroxyapatite formation resulted in biofilm aging. After mechanical stirring treatment, biofilm reactivation was achieved by biofilm re-formation within one month. There is clear potential for phosphorus recovery, as indicated by the 5.24% - 6.29% phosphorus content in the biofilm (similar to the 5%-7% phosphorus content in enhanced biological phosphate removal sludge). The AnAOB genera abundance in the biofilm maintained at a high level of 18.25%-32.31%, while the abundance of AnAOB increased from the initial 4.10% to 13.78% after mechanical stirring treatment in the suspended sludge ensured biofilm reactivation. The results of this study clearly show that mechanical stirring treatment can be used to achieve the biofilm reactivation as the biofilm fills with the hollow cylindrical carrier. This study has potential as a useful reference for the realization of the wide application of the biofilm single stage PN/A process in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Qian
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Junhao Shen
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yu-You Li
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
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