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Vaishnavi M, Sathishkumar K, Gopinath KP. Hydrothermal liquefaction of composite household waste to biocrude: the effect of liquefaction solvents on product yield and quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:39760-39773. [PMID: 38833053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of composite household waste (CHW) was investigated at different temperatures in the range of 240-360 °C, residence times in the range of 30-90 min, and co-solvent ratios of 2-8 ml/g, by utilising ethanol, glycerol, and produced aqueous phase as liquefaction solvents. Maximum biocrude yield of 46.19% was obtained at 340 °C and 75 min, with aqueous phase recirculation ratio (RR) of 5 ml/g. The chemical solvents such as glycerol and ethanol yielded a biocrude percentage of 45.18% and 42.16% at a ratio of 6 ml/g and 8 ml/g, respectively, for 340 °C and 75 min. The usage of co-solvents as hydrothermal medium increased the biocrude yield by 35.30% and decreased the formation of solid residue and gaseous products by 19.82% and 18.74% respectively. Also, the solid residue and biocrude obtained from co-solvent HTL possessed higher carbon and hydrogen content, thus having a H/C ratio and HHV that is 1.01 and 1.23 times higher than that of water as hydrothermal medium. Among the co-solvents, HTL with aqueous phase recirculation resulted in higher carbon and energy recovery percentages of 9.36% and 9.78% for solid residue and 52.09% and 56.75% for biocrude respectively. Further qualitatively, co-solvent HTL in the presence of obtained aqueous phase yielded 33.43% higher fraction of hydrocarbons than the pure water HTL and 7.70-17.01% higher hydrocarbons when compared with ethanol and glycerol HTL respectively. Nitrogen containing compounds, such as phenols and furfurals, for biocrudes obtained from all HTL processes, were found to be present in the range of 8.30-14.40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevan Vaishnavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603110, India
| | - Kannaiyan Sathishkumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603110, India.
| | - Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mohamed Sathak Engineering College, Sathak Nagar, SH 49, Keelakarai, Tamil Nadu, 623806, India
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Xu S, Yuan JY, Zhang YT, Yang QL, Zhang CX, Guo Q, Qin Z, Liu HM, Wang XD, Mei HX, Duan YH. Effects of different precursors on the structure of lignin-based biochar and its ability to adsorb benzopyrene from sesame oil. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132216. [PMID: 38729483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Agricultural by-products of sesame are promising bioresources in food processing. This study extracted lignin from the by-products of sesame oil production, namely, the capsules and straw of black and white sesame. Using acid, alkali, and ethanol methods, 12 distinct lignins were obtained to prepare biochar, aiming to investigate both the structural characteristics of lignin-based biochar (LBB) and its ability to remove benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) from sesame oil. The results showed that white sesame straw was the most suitable raw material for preparing biochar. In terms of the preparation method, acid-extracted lignin biochar was more effective in removing BaP than alkaline or ethanol methods. Notably, WS-1LB (white sesame straw acid-extracted lignin biochar) exhibited the highest BaP adsorption efficiency (91.44 %) and the maximum specific surface area (1065.8187 m2/g), characterized by porous structures. The pseudo 2nd and Freundlich models were found to be the best fit for the adsorption kinetics and isotherms of BaP on LBB, respectively, suggesting that a multilayer adsorption process was dominant. The high adsorption of LBB mainly resulted from pore filling. This study provides an economical and highly efficient biochar adsorbent for the removal of BaP in oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering & Institute of Special Oilseed Processing and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jing-Yang Yuan
- College of International Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ya-Ting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering & Institute of Special Oilseed Processing and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiao-Li Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering & Institute of Special Oilseed Processing and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chen-Xia Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering & Institute of Special Oilseed Processing and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qing Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering & Institute of Special Oilseed Processing and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhao Qin
- College of Food Science and Engineering & Institute of Special Oilseed Processing and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Hua-Min Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering & Institute of Special Oilseed Processing and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xue-De Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering & Institute of Special Oilseed Processing and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hong-Xian Mei
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Ying-Hui Duan
- Henan Sesame Research Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
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Li P, Lu Y, Li X, Ren J, Jiang Z, Jiang B, Wu W. Comparison of the Degradation Performance of Seven Different Choline Chloride-Based DES Systems on Alkaline Lignin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235100. [PMID: 36501493 PMCID: PMC9740465 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a natural polymer second only to cellulose in natural reserves, whose structure is an aromatic macromolecule composed of benzene propane monomers connected by chemical bonds such as carbon-carbon bonds and ether bonds. Degradation is one of the ways to achieve the high-value conversion of lignin, among which the heating degradation of lignin by deep eutectic solvent (DES) can be an excellent green degradation method. In this study, choline chloride (CC) was used as the hydrogen bond acceptor, and urea (UR), ethylene glycol (GC), glycerol (GE), acetic acid (AA), formic and acetic mixed acid (MA), oxalic acid (OX), and p-toluenesulfonic acid (TA) were used as hydrogen bond donors to degrade lignin. NMR hydrogen spectroscopy was used for the simple and rapid determination of phenolic hydroxyl groups in lignin. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to characterize the changes of functional groups of lignin during DES treatment. GPC observed the molecular weight of lignin after degradation and found a significant increase in the homogeneity (1.6-2.0) and a significant decrease in the molecular weight Mw (2478-4330) of the regenerated lignin. It was found that acidic DES was more effective in depolymerizing alkaline lignin, especially for the toluene-choline chloride. Seven DES solutions were recovered, and it was found that the recovery of DES still reached more than 80% at the first recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianpeng Ren
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhengwei Jiang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-8542-7643
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