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Scott CJR, McGregor NGS, Leadbeater DR, Oates NC, Hoßbach J, Abood A, Setchfield A, Dowle A, Overkleeft HS, Davies GJ, Bruce NC. Parascedosporium putredinis NO1 tailors its secretome for different lignocellulosic substrates. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0394323. [PMID: 38757984 PMCID: PMC11218486 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03943-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Parascedosporium putredinis NO1 is a plant biomass-degrading ascomycete with a propensity to target the most recalcitrant components of lignocellulose. Here we applied proteomics and activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) to investigate the ability of P. putredinis NO1 to tailor its secretome for growth on different lignocellulosic substrates. Proteomic analysis of soluble and insoluble culture fractions following the growth of P. putredinis NO1 on six lignocellulosic substrates highlights the adaptability of the response of the P. putredinis NO1 secretome to different substrates. Differences in protein abundance profiles were maintained and observed across substrates after bioinformatic filtering of the data to remove intracellular protein contamination to identify the components of the secretome more accurately. These differences across substrates extended to carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) at both class and family levels. Investigation of abundant activities in the secretomes for each substrate revealed similar variation but also a high abundance of "unknown" proteins in all conditions investigated. Fluorescence-based and chemical proteomic ABPP of secreted cellulases, xylanases, and β-glucosidases applied to secretomes from multiple growth substrates for the first time confirmed highly adaptive time- and substrate-dependent glycoside hydrolase production by this fungus. P. putredinis NO1 is a promising new candidate for the identification of enzymes suited to the degradation of recalcitrant lignocellulosic feedstocks. The investigation of proteomes from the biomass bound and culture supernatant fractions provides a more complete picture of a fungal lignocellulose-degrading response. An in-depth understanding of this varied response will enhance efforts toward the development of tailored enzyme systems for use in biorefining.IMPORTANCEThe ability of the lignocellulose-degrading fungus Parascedosporium putredinis NO1 to tailor its secreted enzymes to different sources of plant biomass was revealed here. Through a combination of proteomic, bioinformatic, and fluorescent labeling techniques, remarkable variation was demonstrated in the secreted enzyme response for this ascomycete when grown on multiple lignocellulosic substrates. The maintenance of this variation over time when exploring hydrolytic polysaccharide-active enzymes through fluorescent labeling, suggests that this variation results from an actively tailored secretome response based on substrate. Understanding the tailored secretomes of wood-degrading fungi, especially from underexplored and poorly represented families, will be important for the development of effective substrate-tailored treatments for the conversion and valorization of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J R Scott
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas G S McGregor
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Leadbeater
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola C Oates
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Janina Hoßbach
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Amira Abood
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Setchfield
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Dowle
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gideon J Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C Bruce
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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2
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Singh S, Arya SK, Krishania M. Bioprocess optimization for enhanced xylitol synthesis by new isolate Meyerozyma caribbica CP02 using rice straw. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:31. [PMID: 38402217 PMCID: PMC10894501 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The present work models the fermentation process parameters of the newly isolated, Meyerozyma caribbica CP02 for enhanced xylitol production and its fermentability study on rice straw hydrolysate. The study examined the impact of each of the process variables by one variable at a time optimization followed by statistical validation. Temperature of 32 °C, pH of 3.5, agitation of 200 rpm, 1.5% (v/v) inoculum, 80 gL-1 initial xylose was optimized. Subsequently, a sequential two-stage agitation approach was adopted for fermentation. At these optimized conditions, xylitol yield of 0.77 gg-1 and 0.64 gg-1 was achieved using media containing commercial and rice straw derived xylose, respectively. For scale up, in 3L batch bioreactor, the highest xylitol yield (0.63 gg-1) was attained at 72 h with rice straw hydrolysate media containing initial xylose (59.48 ± 0.82 gL-1) along with inhibitors (1.55 ± 0.10 gL-1 aliphatic acids, 0.0.048 ± 0.11 gL-1 furans, 0.64 ± 0.23 gL-1 total phenols). The results imply that even under circumstances characterized by an acidic pH and elevated initial xylose level, M. caribbica CP02, as an isolate, displays robustness and shows favorable fermentability of rice straw hydrolysate. Therefore, isolate CP02 has potential to be used in bio-refineries for high yield xylitol production with minimal hydrolysate processing requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, 140306, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar Arya
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Meena Krishania
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, 140306, India.
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3
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Singh S, Singh S, Lukas SB, Machado S, Nouri A, Calderon F, Rieke ER, Cappellazzi SB. Long-term agro-management strategies shape soil bacterial community structure in dryland wheat systems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13929. [PMID: 37626146 PMCID: PMC10457325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microbes play a crucial role in soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling and are influenced by management practices. Therefore, quantifying the impacts of various agricultural management practices on soil microbiomes and their activity is crucial for making informed management decisions. This study aimed to assess the impact of various management systems on soil bacterial abundance and diversity, soil enzyme activities and carbon mineralization potential in wheat-based systems. To accomplish this, soil samples from 0 to 15 cm depth were collected from ongoing long-term field trials in eastern Oregon region under wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow (WF), WF with different tillage (WT), wheat-pea (Pisum sativum L.) (WP), WF under different crop residue management (CR) and natural undisturbed/unmanaged grassland pasture (GP). These trials consisted of an array of treatments like tillage intensities, nitrogen rates, organic amendments, and seasonal residue burning. This study was a part of the Soil Health Institute's North American Project to Evaluate Soil Health measurements (NAPESHM). Bacterial community structure was determined using amplicon sequencing of the V4 region of 16SrRNA genes and followed the protocols of the Earth Microbiome Project. In addition, extracellular enzyme activities, and carbon mineralization potential (1d-CO2) were measured. Among different trials, 1d-CO2 in WT, WP, and CR studies averaged 53%, 51% and 87% lower than GP systems, respectively. Enzyme activities were significantly greater in GP compared to the other managements and followed similar trend as respiration. We observed higher evenness in GP and higher richness in spring residue burning treatment of CR study. Our results indicated that species evenness is perhaps a better indicator of soil health in comparison to other indices in dryland wheat systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Singh
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, 2121 S 1St, Hermiston, OR, 97838, USA
| | - Surendra Singh
- Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, 48037 Tubbs Ranch Rd., Adams, OR, 97810, USA
| | - Scott B Lukas
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, 2121 S 1St, Hermiston, OR, 97838, USA.
| | - Stephen Machado
- Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, 48037 Tubbs Ranch Rd., Adams, OR, 97810, USA
| | - Amin Nouri
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, 2121 S 1St, Hermiston, OR, 97838, USA
| | - Francisco Calderon
- Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, 48037 Tubbs Ranch Rd., Adams, OR, 97810, USA
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Naing AH, Park DY, Park HC, Kim CK. Removal of heavy metals using Iris species: A potential approach for reclamation of heavy metal-polluted sites and environmental beautification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27732-5. [PMID: 37303013 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the number of heavy metal (HM)-polluted sites has increased rapidly in recent years, posing a serious threat to agricultural productivity, human health, and environmental safety. Hence, it is necessary to remediate HM-polluted sites to increase cultivatable lands for agricultural productivity, prevent hazardous effects to human health, and promote environmental safety. Removal of HMs using plants (phytoremediation) is a promising method as it is eco-friendly. Recently, ornamental plants have been widely used in phytoremediation programs as they can simultaneously eliminate HMs and are aesthetically pleasing. Among the ornamental plants, Iris species are frequently used; however, their role in HM remediation has not been reviewed yet. Here, the importance of Iris species in the ornamental industry and their different commercial aspects are briefly described. Additionally, the mechanisms of how the plant species absorb and transport the HMs to the above-ground tissues and tolerate HM stress are highlighted. The variation in HM remediation efficiency depending on the plant species, HM type and concentration, use of certain supplements, and experimental conditions are also discussed. Iris species are able to remove other hazards as well, such as pesticides, pharmaceutical compounds, and industrial wastes, from polluted soils or waste-water. Owing to the valuable information presented in this review, we expect more applications of the species in reclaiming polluted sites and beautifying the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Young Park
- Ecological Technology Research Team, Division of Ecological Applications Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Cheol Park
- Ecological Technology Research Team, Division of Ecological Applications Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Xu J, Chen Z, Li Y, Dong S, Li L, Long S, Wu Y, Wang S. The changes in the physicochemical properties of calcareous soils and the factors of arsenic (As) uptake by wheat were investigated after the cessation of effluent irrigation for nearly 20 years. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160171. [PMID: 36379339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is not known what the buffering capacity of soils and arsenic (As) enrichment by crops is for calcareous agricultural soils after the end of long-term effluent irrigation. In this study, changes in soil physicochemical properties and factors of influencing As uptake by wheat were investigated in agricultural soils where sewage irrigation had been ceased for nearly 20 years. The results showed that the content of CaCO3 and pH in soil increased compared to the period before the cessation of sewage irrigation, but remained below the soil background value. Furthermore, CaCO3 is by far the main buffering substance in agricultural soils and indirectly contributes to the increase in pH. The As concentration in the soil was 36.4 ± 34.8 mg/kg, which was 0.56-10.28 times and 0.28-5.18 times higher than the soil background and risk screening values, respectively, but showed a decreasing trend. pH and Fe dissolution were the main reasons for the lower As concentration in the soil. Total As in soil was a better predictor of As in wheat, and soil electrical conductivity (EC) and soil organic matter (SOM) promoted As uptake by wheat. The competitive uptake of As by dissolved Si was an important reason for the mismatch between As concentrations in soil and wheat. This study highlighted the key issues of As transport transformation in soil-wheat systems after cessation of effluent irrigation, using agricultural soils, and provided a reference for soil risk management in agricultural soils in mining areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhaoming Chen
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yueyue Li
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Suhang Dong
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Longrui Li
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Song Long
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yining Wu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Shengli Wang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Azhar U, Ahmad H, Shafqat H, Babar M, Shahzad Munir HM, Sagir M, Arif M, Hassan A, Rachmadona N, Rajendran S, Mubashir M, Khoo KS. Remediation techniques for elimination of heavy metal pollutants from soil: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113918. [PMID: 35926577 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated soil containing toxic metals and metalloids is found everywhere globally. As a consequence of adsorption and precipitation reactions, metals are comparatively immobile in subsurface systems. Hence remediation techniques in such contaminated sites have targeted the solid phase sources of metals such as sludges, debris, contaminated soils, or wastes. Over the last three decades, the accumulation of these toxic substances inside the soil has increased dramatically, putting the ecosystem and human health at risk. Pollution of heavy metal have posed severe impacts on human, and it affects the environment in different ways, resulting in industrial anger in many countries. Various procedures, including chemical, biological, physical, and integrated approaches, have been adopted to get rid of this type of pollution. Expenditure, timekeeping, planning challenges, and state-of-the-art gadget involvement are some drawbacks that need to be properly handled. Recently in situ metal immobilization, plant restoration, and biological methods have changed the dynamics and are considered the best solution for removing metals from soil. This review paper critically evaluates and analyzes the numerous approaches for preparing heavy metal-free soil by adopting different soil remediation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Azhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Huma Ahmad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Shafqat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Babar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Shahzad Munir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sagir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.
| | - Afaq Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.
| | - Nova Rachmadona
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tarapacá, Avda. General Velasquez, 1775, Arica, Chile
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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7
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Jumrus S, Yamuangmorn S, Veeradittakit J, Kamthai S, Lordkaew S, Suwan T, Jamjod S, Prom-u-thai C. Variation of Anthocyanin, Phenol, and Antioxidant Capacity in Straw among Rice Varieties and Growing Locations as a Potential Source of Natural Bioactive Compounds. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2903. [PMID: 36365356 PMCID: PMC9655959 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the variation in bioactive compounds (anthocyanins, phenols, and antioxidants) among 22 rice varieties in the same growing locations and among four varieties collected from eight different provinces in Northern Thailand. Wide variation in anthocyanins, phenols, and antioxidant capacity was established, ranging from 1.6 to 33.0 mg/100 g, 249.9 to 477.7 mg gallic acid/100 g, and 0 to 3,288.5 mg trolox equivalent/100 g, respectively. The highest straw anthocyanin and phenol concentrations were found in KDK (a traditional photoperiod-sensitive variety with purple pericarp and leaves) and K4 (an advanced, photoperiod-insensitive variety with purple pericarp and leaves), while the highest antioxidant capacity was found in KH CMU (an improved traditional photoperiod sensitive variety with a purple pericarp and green leaves) and K4. The variation of the bioactive compounds was also found in the same variety grown at different locations, e.g., the KDMl105 grown in Prayao province had a straw anthocyanin concentration higher than when grown in Mae Hong Son province. The effect was also observed in phenol content and antioxidant capacity when the same rice variety was grown across various locations. A significant correlation between total phenol and antioxidant capacity was observed across rice varieties and growing locations but was not found between anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity. This study found that the bioactive compounds in rice straw varied among rice varieties and growing locations. Straw phenol acts as a major antioxidant that can be used as a characteristic for the selection of rice varieties with high antioxidant capacity for use at the industrial scale for the processing of food, pharmaceuticals, and medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchada Jumrus
- Agronomy Division, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Jeeraporn Veeradittakit
- Agronomy Division, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Suthaphat Kamthai
- Division of Packaging Technology, School of Agro-industry, Faculty of Agro-industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sithisavet Lordkaew
- Center of Agricultural Resource Systems, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Teewara Suwan
- Center of Excellence in Natural Disaster Management (CENDIM), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sansanee Jamjod
- Agronomy Division, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chanakan Prom-u-thai
- Agronomy Division, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Lanna Rice Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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8
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Wang Y, Liu L, Hu Y, Zhang J, Jia R, Huang Q, Gao H, Awasthi MK, Li H, Zhao Z. The spatio-temporal change in soil P and P-solubilizing bacteria under clover mulching in apple orchards of Loess Plateau. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135334. [PMID: 35709835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cover crop is an effective practice for improving soil quality and increase soil nutrients. However, the spatio-temporal change of soil phosphorus (P) components and P-solubilizing microorganisms in the process of grass succession is not evident. Here, we studied the variation of soil P components and P-solubilizing bacteria at 0-60 cm soil layer under clean tillage (CT) and white clover (WC, Trifolium repens L.) grown for 5, 9, and 14 years in an apple test station on the Loess Plateau, China. This study suggested that clover cover could effectively increase the total P, available P (AP), microbial P, organic P (Po), and inorganic P (Al-P, Ca2-P, Ca8-P and Fe-P) in topsoil (0-20 cm) and AP, Po and inorganic P at 20-40 cm soil layer to improve the soil P bioavailability. The effects of WC living mulch on the soil P forms were more significant with the increase in grass growing years, but this effect was difficult to extend to deep soil. In addition, the WC treatments were beneficial to the growth of P-solubilizing microorganisms in surface soil and improved the alkaline phosphatase activity at 0-40 cm soil layer, mainly including Bacillus, Bradyrhizobium, Nocardioides, Sphingomonas and Streptomyces. This study provided a perspective on the dynamic changes of soil P forms and P-solubilizing microorganisms and under long-term cover crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiatao Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Rongjian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianqian Huang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Huike Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Zhengyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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