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Recepoğlu YK, Arar Ö, Yüksel A. Breakthrough curve analysis of phosphorylated hazelnut shell waste in column operation for continuous harvesting of lithium from water. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464510. [PMID: 37983988 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In batch-scale operations, biosorption employing phosphorylated hazelnut shell waste (FHS) revealed excellent lithium removal and recovery efficiency. Scaling up and implementing packed bed column systems necessitates further design and performance optimization. Lithium biosorption via FHS was investigated utilizing a continuous-flow packed-bed column operated under various flow rates and bed heights to remove Li to ultra-low levels and recover it. The Li biosorption capacity of the FHS column was unaffected by the bed height, however, when the flow rate was increased, the capacity of the FHS column decreased. The breakthrough time, exhaustion time, and uptake capacity of the column bed increased with increasing column bed height, whereas they decreased with increasing influent flow rate. At flow rates of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mL/min, bed volumes (BVs, mL solution/mL biosorbent) at the breakthrough point were found to be 477, 369, and 347, respectively, with the required BVs for total saturation point of 941, 911, and 829, while the total capacity was calculated as 22.29, 20.07, and 17.69 mg Li/g sorbent. In the 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 cm height columns filled with FHS, the breakthrough times were 282, 366, and 433 min, respectively, whereas the periods required for saturation were 781, 897, and 1033 min. The three conventional breakthrough models of the Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and Modified Dose-Response (MDR) were used to properly estimate the whole breakthrough behavior of the FHS column and the characteristic model parameters. Li's extremely favorable separation utilizing FHS was evidenced by the steep S-shape of the breakthrough curves for both parameters flow rate and bed height. The reusability of FHS was demonstrated by operating the packed bed column in multi-cycle mode, with no appreciable loss in column performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaşar Kemal Recepoğlu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Özgür Arar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Aslı Yüksel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey; Izmir Institute of Technology, Geothermal Energy Research and Application Center, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey.
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Ali AH, Kareem AB, Al-Rawi UA, Khalid U, Zhang S, Zafar F, Papraćanin E, Hatshan MR, Sher F. Kinetic and equilibrium study of graphene and copper oxides modified nanocomposites for metal ions adsorption from binary metal aqueous solution. Front Chem 2023; 11:1279948. [PMID: 38033474 PMCID: PMC10687419 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1279948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Presently, the main cause of pollution of natural water resources is heavy metal ions. The removal of metal ions such as nickel (Ni2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) has been given considerable attention due to their health and environmental risks. In this regard, for wastewater treatment containing heavy metal ions, graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites with metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) attained significant importance. In this study, graphene oxide stacked with copper oxide nanocomposites (GO/CuO-NCs) were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analytical procedures. The prepared GO/CuO-NCs were applied for the removal of Ni2+ and Cd2+ ions from a binary metal ion system in batch and continuous experiments. The obtained results revealed that GO/CuO-NCs exhibited the highest removal efficiencies of Ni2+ (89.60% ± 2.12%) and Cd2+ (97.10% ± 1.91%) at the optimum values of pH: 8, dose: 0.25 g, contact time: 60 min, and at 50 ppm initial metal ion concentration in a batch study. However, 4 mL/min flow rate, 50 ppm initial concentration, and 2 cm bed height were proved to be the suitable conditions for metal ion adsorption in the column study. The kinetic adsorption data exhibited the best fitting with the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherm provided the best-fitting data in the Langmuir isotherm model. This study suggested that the GO/CuO nanocomposites have proved to be efficient adsorbents for Ni2+ and Cd2+ ions from a binary metal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa H. Ali
- Water and Environmental Directorate, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | - Ushna Khalid
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shengfu Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vanadium-Titanium Metallurgy and Advanced Materials, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fatima Zafar
- International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Edisa Papraćanin
- International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mohammad Rafe Hatshan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Hutchison JM, Hussein FB, Mayer BK. Evaluating Sustainable Development Pathways for Protein- and Peptide-Based Bioadsorbents for Phosphorus Recovery from Wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16317-16326. [PMID: 37856833 PMCID: PMC10620995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Recovering phosphate (P) from point sources such as wastewater effluent is a priority in order to alleviate the impacts of eutrophication and implement a circular economy for an increasingly limited resource. Bioadsorbents featuring P-binding proteins and peptides offer exquisite P specificity and sensitivity for achieving ultralow P concentrations, i.e., <100 μg P L-1, a discharge limit that has been implemented in at least one treatment facility in nine U.S. states. To prioritize research objectives for P recovery in wastewater treatment, we compared the financial and environmental sustainability of protein/peptide bioadsorbents to those of LayneRT anion exchange resin. The baseline scenario (reflecting lab-demonstrated performance at a full-scale implementation) had costs that were 3 orders of magnitude higher than those for typical wastewater treatment. However, scenarios exploring bioadsorbent improvements, including increasing the P-binding capacity per unit volume by using smaller P-selective peptides and nanoparticle base materials and implementing reuse, dramatically decreased median impacts to $1.06 m-3 and 0.001 kg CO2 equiv m-3; these values are in line with current wastewater treatment impacts and lower than the median LayneRT impacts of $4.04 m-3 and 0.19 kg CO2 equiv m-3. While the financial viability of capturing low P concentrations is a challenge, incorporating the externalities of environmental impacts may provide a feasible path forward to motivate ultralow P capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Hutchison
- Department
of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th St, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Faten B. Hussein
- Department
of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Brooke K. Mayer
- Department
of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
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Khare S, Singhal A, Rai S, Rallapalli S. Heavy metal remediation using chelator-enhanced washing of municipal solid waste compost based on spectroscopic characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65779-65800. [PMID: 37093381 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to high metal toxicity, mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) compost is difficult to use. This study detected the presence of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn) in MSW compost through mineralogical analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and performed topographical imaging and elemental mapping using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a typical chelator, is tested to remove heavy metals from Indian MSW compost (New Delhi and Mumbai). It deals with two novel aspects, viz., (i) investigating the influence of EDTA-washing conditions, molarity, dosage, MSW compost-sample size, speed, and contact time, on their metal removal efficiencies, and (ii) maximizing the percentage removal of heavy metals by determining the optimal process control process parameters. These parameters were optimized in a batch reactor utilizing Taguchi orthogonal (L25) array. The optimization showed that the removal efficiencies were 96.71%, 47.37%, and 49.94% for Cd, Pb, and Zn in Delhi samples, whereas 45.55%, 79.52%, 59.63%, 82.31%, and 88.40% for Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in Mumbai samples. Results indicate that the removal efficiency of heavy metals was greatly influenced by EDTA-molarity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of hydroxyl group, which aids heavy metal chelation. The results reveal the possibility of EDTA to reduce the hazardous properties of MSW compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Khare
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anupam Singhal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Saumitra Rai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Srinivas Rallapalli
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA.
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Liu Y, Zhou H, Zhou X, Jin C, Liu G, Huo S, Chu F, Kong Z. Natural phenol-inspired porous polymers for efficient removal of tetracycline: Experimental and engineering analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137798. [PMID: 36634714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and feasible removal of trace antibiotics from wastewater is extremely important due to its environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity, but still remains a huge challenge. Herein, three natural phenol-inspired porous organic polymers were fabricated from natural phenolic-derived monomers (p-hydroxy benzaldehyde, 2,4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde and 2,4,6-trihydroxy benzaldehyde) and melamine via polycondensation reaction. Characterization highlighted that the increasing contents of hydroxyl groups in monomers induced an increase of the polymer total porosity and promoted the formation of a highly microporous structure. With mesopore-dominated pore (average pore diameter 9.6 nm) and large pore volume (1.78 cm3/g), p-hydroxy benzaldehyde-based porous polymer (1-HBPP) exhibited ultra-high maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 697.6 mg/g for tetracycline (TC) antibiotic. Meanwhile, the porous networks and plentiful active sites of 1-HBPP enabled fast adsorption kinetics (within 10 min) for TC removal, which could be well described by the pseudo-second-order model. Dynamic adsorption studies showed that 1-HBPP could be used in fixed-bed adsorption column (FBAC) with high removal efficiency (breakthrough volume per unit mass, 13.2 L/g) and dynamic adsorption capacity (201.6 mg/g), which were much higher than other reported adsorbents. The breakthrough curves both well matched with Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models in FBAC treatment. Moreover, removal mechanism analysis affirmed that pore-filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions and π-π stacking interactions were main driving forces for TC adsorption. The prepared natural phenol-inspired porous adsorbents show great potential in antibiotics removal from wastewater, and this strategy would promote the sustainable and high-value utilization of natural phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210042, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210042, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210042, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Can Jin
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Guifeng Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Shuping Huo
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Fuxiang Chu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Zhenwu Kong
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210042, China.
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Lv N, Li X. Phosphorus removal from wastewater using Ca-modified attapulgite: Fixed-bed column performance and breakthrough curves analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 328:116905. [PMID: 36521218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The adsorbent calcium-modified attapulgite (Ca-GAT) prepared by calcium chloride modification and high temperature treatment (700 °C) has proved to remove phosphorus in low-concentration phosphorus wastewater in batch adsorption experiments. Dynamic adsorption performance and industrial application potential still need further determination. This study explored the effects of various parameters on the dynamic phosphorus adsorption, including initial phosphate concentration (2-10 mg/L), flow rate (1-3 mL/min) and adsorption bed height (2-6 cm). Phosphorus adsorption ability improved and the breakthrough time increased with the increase of bed height, flow rate, and a decrease in initial phosphorus concentration. Breakthrough curves fitted four models, the Adams-Bohart, Thomas, Yoon-Nelson and Bed depth service time (BDST). The maximum adsorption amount determined by the Thomas model obtained 13.477 mg/g. The saturated fixed-bed column were regenerated with NaOH, NaOH + NaCl and HCl, among which 0.5 mol/L NaOH had the best regeneration effect. During the utilization of a large fixed-bed to treat the actual membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent, the breakthrough point (0.5 mg/L) was obtained after 177 h. These results implied that Ca-GAT had an application potential for the treatment of low-concentration phosphorus wastewater (2 mg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lv
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Cooperative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou, 215009, PR China
| | - Xiufen Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Cooperative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou, 215009, PR China.
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Mallick SP, Hussein FB, Husted S, Mayer BK. Adsorption of recalcitrant phosphorus compounds using the phosphate-selective binding-protein PstS. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135311. [PMID: 35709849 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently available wastewater phosphorus (P) treatment technologies target removal of reactive forms of P. Selective adsorption of more recalcitrant soluble non-reactive phosphorus (sNRP) can improve P removal and recovery. A phosphate-selective phosphate-binding protein (PBP), PstS, was immobilized onto NHS-activated beads to assess the ability of this novel bioadsorbent to remove (adsorb) and subsequently recover (desorb) a range of sNRP compounds. Four sNRP compounds representative of wastewater sNRP were selected for use in this study: phytic acid (PA), sodium triphosphate (TrP), beta-glycerol phosphate (BGP), and sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP). Using PBP, adsorption of all sNRP compounds was thermodynamically favorable. The PBP had nearly equivalent binding affinity for PA compared to PBP's typical target, orthophosphate, although it had less affinity for the other sNRP compounds. Adsorption followed pseudo-second order reaction kinetics, with 95% of maximum adsorption occurring within 4 min. This was substantially faster sNRP adsorption compared to other adsorbents in the literature. Adsorption was modeled using the Langmuir isotherm, reflecting that one phosphate molecule attached to one PBP binding site. Notably, this selective 1:1 attachment resulted in higher total P removal for sNRP molecules with high P content. The binding site lost activity with increasing pH, and as such, highest desorption was achieved at pH 12, making the system amenable to sNRP removal as well as controlled recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synthia P Mallick
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
| | - Faten B Hussein
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
| | - Shayla Husted
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, 1428 W. Clybourn St., Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
| | - Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
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Rusu L, Grigoraș CG, Simion AI, Suceveanu EM, Dediu Botezatu AV, Harja M. Biosorptive Removal of Ethacridine Lactate from Aqueous Solutions by Saccharomyces pastorianus Residual Biomass/Calcium Alginate Composite Beads: Fixed-Bed Column Study. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134657. [PMID: 35806780 PMCID: PMC9267667 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ethacridine lactate removal from aqueous solution using a biosorbent material based on residual microbial biomass and natural polymers in fixed-bed continuous column was investigated. Composite beads of Saccharomyces pastorianus residual biomass and calcium alginate were obtained by immobilization technique. The prepared biosorbent was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and analysis of point of zero charge value. Then, laboratory-scale experiments by fixed-bed column biosorption were conducted in continuous system. To this purpose, the column bed high (5 cm; 7.5 cm), initial pollutant concentration (20 mg/L; 40 mg/L), and solution flow through the column (0.6 mL/min; 1.5 mL/min) were considered the main parameters. Recorded breakthrough curves suggest that lower flow rates, greater bed heights, and a lower concentration of ethacridine lactate led to an increased biosorption of the target compound. The biosorption dynamic was investigated by nonlinear regression analysis using the Adams–Bohart, Yoon–Nelson, Clark, and Yan mathematical models. Conclusively, our research highlights, firstly, that the obtained biosorbent material has the required properties for retaining the ethacridine lactate from aqueous solution in continuous system. Secondly, it emphasizes that the modeling approach reveals an acceptable fitting with the experimental data for the Yoon–Nelson, Clark, and Yan models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lăcrămioara Rusu
- Faculty of Engineering, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, 157 Calea Mărăşeşti, 600115 Bacau, Romania; (A.-I.S.); (E.-M.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (C.-G.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Cristina-Gabriela Grigoraș
- Faculty of Engineering, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, 157 Calea Mărăşeşti, 600115 Bacau, Romania; (A.-I.S.); (E.-M.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (C.-G.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Andrei-Ionuț Simion
- Faculty of Engineering, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, 157 Calea Mărăşeşti, 600115 Bacau, Romania; (A.-I.S.); (E.-M.S.)
| | - Elena-Mirela Suceveanu
- Faculty of Engineering, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, 157 Calea Mărăşeşti, 600115 Bacau, Romania; (A.-I.S.); (E.-M.S.)
| | - Andreea V. Dediu Botezatu
- Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Department of Chemistry Physical and Environment, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania;
| | - Maria Harja
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering an Environmental Protection Cristofor Simionescu, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University from Iasi, 71 A Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (C.-G.G.); (M.H.)
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