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Ghamarpoor R, Fallah A, Jamshidi M. A Review of Synthesis Methods, Modifications, and Mechanisms of ZnO/TiO 2-Based Photocatalysts for Photodegradation of Contaminants. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:25457-25492. [PMID: 38911730 PMCID: PMC11191136 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The environment being surrounded by accumulated durable waste organic compounds has become a critical crisis for human societies. Generally, organic effluents of industrial plants released into the water source and air are removed by some physical and chemical processes. Utilizing photocatalysts as cost-effective, accessible, thermally/mechanically stable, nontoxic, reusable, and powerful UV-absorber compounds creates a new gateway toward the removal of dissolved, suspended, and gaseous pollutants even in trace amounts. TiO2 and ZnO are two prevalent photocatalysts in the field of removing contaminants from wastewater and air. Structural modification of the photocatalysts with metals, nonmetals, metal ions, and other semiconductors reduces the band gap energy and agglomeration and increases the affinity toward organic compounds in the composite structures to expand their usability on an industrial scale. This increases the extent of light absorbance and improves the photocatalytic efficiency. Selecting a suitable synthesis method is necessary to prepare a target photocatalyst with distinct properties such as high specific surface area, numerous surface functional groups, and an appropriate crystalline phase. In this Review, significant parameters for the synthesis and modification of TiO2- and ZnO-based photocatalysts are discussed in detail. Several proposed mechanistic routes according to photocatalytic composite structures are provided. Some electrochemical analyses using charge carrier trapping agents and delayed recombination help to plot mechanistic routes according to the direction of photoexcited species (electron-hole pairs) and design more effective photocatalytic processes in terms of cost-effective photocatalysts, saving time and increasing productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghamarpoor
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Garmsar, Garmsar 3588115589, Iran
- Constructional
Polymers and Composites Research Lab, School of Chemical, Petroleum
and Gas Engineering, Iran University of
Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran 1311416846, Iran
| | - Akram Fallah
- Department
of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research
Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran 3313193685, Iran
| | - Masoud Jamshidi
- Constructional
Polymers and Composites Research Lab, School of Chemical, Petroleum
and Gas Engineering, Iran University of
Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran 1311416846, Iran
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2
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You J, Li J, Wang Z, Devanesan S, Farhat K, Kim W, Sivarasan G, Zhang H. Improving the efficiency of metal ions doped Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles: Photocatalyst for removal of organic dye from aqueous media. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139229. [PMID: 37354953 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The metal ion-based nanocomposite photocatalysts were accepted to exhibit a wide range of photocatalytic and biological applications. In this paper, we synthesize bare Fe2O3, 1 wt% metal (Ag, Co, and Cu) doped Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) using a simple hydrothermal process and wet impregnation method. The as-prepared nanomaterials crystalline structure, shape, optical characteristics, and elemental composition were determined by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Furthermore, the synthesized nanocomposites were utilized as a photosensitizer for the degradation of reactive red (RR120) and orange II (O-II) dyes under sunlight irradiation. The synthesized 1 wt% Ag-Fe2O3 (AgF) NPs samples exhibit a more exceptional catalytic performance of RR120 and O-II dyes (98.32%) within 120 min than the existing Fe2O3, 1 wt% Co-Fe2O3, and Cu-Fe2O3 NPs. The effect of parameters such as exciton formation under solar irradiation, charge recombination rate, and surface charge availability. The metal oxide-doped nanocomposite economic relevance is revealed by their long-term durability and recyclability in photodegradation reactions. The photocatalytic investigations show that the active species O2∙-, HO∙ and h+ play an important role in the dye degradation process. This research might pave the opportunity for the sustainable development of greater photocatalysts for photodegradation and a wide range of environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua You
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Sandhanasamy Devanesan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karim Farhat
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ganesan Sivarasan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan.
| | - Hangzhou Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics; Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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3
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Manikandan V, Palanisamy G, Lee J, F Albeshr M, Fahad Alrefaei A, Pragasan LA, Zhang F, Liu X. Development of silver oxide-loaded reduced graphene oxide nanohybrids for enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light in aqueous solutions. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139227. [PMID: 37327825 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of silver oxide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (Ag/rGO NCs) using a hydrothermal technique. This paper presents a simple method for synthesizing Ag/rGO hybrid nanocomposites, which can be used for environmentally treating hazardous organic pollutants. The photocatalytic degradation of model artificial Rhodamine B dye and bisphenol A was assessed under visible light illumination. The crystallinity, binding energy, and surface morphologies of the synthesized samples were determined. The silver oxide loading sample resulted in a decrease in the rGO crystallite size. SEM and TEM images demonstrate strong adhesion of the Ag NPs to the rGO sheets. XPS analysis validated the binding energy and elemental composition of the Ag/rGO hybrid nanocomposites. The objective of the experiment was to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of rGO in the visible region using Ag nanoparticles. The synthesized nanocomposites in the visible region exhibited good photodegradation percentages of approximately 97.5% and 98.6% after 120 min of irradiation for pure rGO, Ag NPs, and Ag/rGO nanohybrid, respectively. Furthermore, the Ag/rGO nanohybrid maintained their degradation ability for up to three cycles. The synthesized Ag/rGO nanohybrid demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic activity, expanding their potential for environmental remediation. Based on the investigations, Ag/rGO nanohybrid proved to be an effective photocatalyst and holds promise as an ideal material for future applications in preventing water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velu Manikandan
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarangno, Nowon-gu, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600 077, India
| | - Govindasamy Palanisamy
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed F Albeshr
- Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O.Box.2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O.Box.2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - L Arul Pragasan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China.
| | - Xinghui Liu
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China.
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Nadikatla SK, Chintada VB, Gurugubelli TR, Koutavarapu R. Review of Recent Developments in the Fabrication of ZnO/CdS Heterostructure Photocatalysts for Degradation of Organic Pollutants and Hydrogen Production. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114277. [PMID: 37298752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have recently paid a lot of attention to semiconductor photocatalysts, especially ZnO-based heterostructures. Due to its availability, robustness, and biocompatibility, ZnO is a widely researched material in the fields of photocatalysis and energy storage. It is also environmentally beneficial. However, the wide bandgap energy and quick recombination of the photoinduced electron-hole pairs of ZnO limit its practical utility. To address these issues, many techniques have been used, such as the doping of metal ions and the creation of binary or ternary composites. Recent studies showed that ZnO/CdS heterostructures outperformed bare ZnO and CdS nanostructures in terms of photocatalytic performance when exposed to visible light. This review largely concentrated on the ZnO/CdS heterostructure production process and its possible applications including the degradation of organic pollutants and hydrogen evaluation. The importance of synthesis techniques such as bandgap engineering and controlled morphology was highlighted. In addition, the prospective uses of ZnO/CdS heterostructures in the realm of photocatalysis and the conceivable photodegradation mechanism were examined. Lastly, ZnO/CdS heterostructures' challenges and prospects for the future have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kumar Nadikatla
- Chemistry Division, Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam 532127, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Babu Chintada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam 532127, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Thirumala Rao Gurugubelli
- Physics Division, Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam 532127, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindranadh Koutavarapu
- Department of Robotics Engineering, College of Mechanical and IT Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Yadav J, Rani M, Shanker U. Green biosynthesized zinc-based nanocomposite for efficient removal of emerging contaminants. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2022.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ranjith R, Vignesh S, Balachandar R, Suganthi S, Raj V, Ramasundaram S, Kalyana Sundar J, Shkir M, Oh TH. Construction of novel g-C 3N 4 coupled efficient Bi 2O 3 nanoparticles for improved Z-scheme photocatalytic removal of environmental wastewater contaminant: Insight mechanism. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 330:117134. [PMID: 36584459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the major environmental pollution produced by the release of wastewater in liquid type is one of the most extensive forms of foremost pollution in water ecosystems. In this article, the Bi2O3/g-C3N4 nanocomposite with a direct Z-scheme was effectively obtained by a facile hydrothermal system. The crystal structures, surface morphology, chemical composition, and the optical belongings of the as-obtained composite catalysts were examined by Power XRD, FT-IR spectra, High-resolution XPS spectra, FE-SEM images with EDX spectra, High-resolution TEM images, UV-Vis DRS, and PL spectra respectively. Furthermore, the photocatalytic performance was assessed by the degradation of aqueous Rhodamine B (Rh B) dye under visible-light exposure. The Bi2O3/g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts (PCs) showed the maximum photo-degradation efficiency through a rate constant value of 0.0149 min-1, which is 4.9 and 5.3 folds superior to Bi2O3, and GCN, respectively. The better GBO2 nanocomposite PCs showed a superior photocatalytic degradation performance (>82%) of aqueous Rh B dye after five successive recycles. Moreover, based on these outcomes of the radical scavenging test, a direct and effective Z-scheme photocatalytic charger transfer mechanism was also projected. Finally, the reusability of the as-obtained Bi2O3/g-C3N4 nanocomposite has better stability and reusability, which was a favourable applicant for wastewater handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ranjith
- Department of Physics, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Vignesh
- Materials Science Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramalingam Balachandar
- Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Engineering College, Chennai, 602 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Suganthi
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - V Raj
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramaniyan Ramasundaram
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - J Kalyana Sundar
- Materials Science Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohd Shkir
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, NH95, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Tae Hwan Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
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Batur E, Kutluay S, Baytar O, Şahin Ö, Horoz S. Superior incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency of Mo-doped activated carbon supported CdS-sensitized solar cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:19766-19775. [PMID: 36239891 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the performance of activated carbon (AC) produced from defatted black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) by chemical activation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) activator in photovoltaic application is evaluated. It is of great importance to increase the photovoltaic efficiency of cadmium sulfide (CdS)-based solar cells, which are widely used in photovoltaic applications, with AC support. The main purpose of the study is to determine how the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of undoped and Mo-doped AC supported CdS semiconductor materials changes in the presence of AC support material and to interpret the observed effect in the light of literature. For these reasons, in the study, AC supported CdS (CdS/AC) (5%, 10%, and 15% by weight) and Mo-doped CdS/AC semiconductor materials with different molybdenum (Mo) concentrations (0.33%, 1%, 3%) are produced by chemical precipitation method. Produced CdS/AC and Mo-doped CdS/AC semiconductor materials are characterized by IPCE, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. Based on the result values, the optimum CdS concentration with the highest IPCE (%) value is determined as 10% (for CdS/AC). As a result of the experimental measurements, the optimum Mo concentration with the maximum IPCE (%) value is found as 1% (for Mo-doped CdS/AC). In particular, it is clear that an appreciable increase (from 4.70 to 39.00%) in IPCE (%) of 1% Mo-doped 10% CdS/AC semiconductor material is achieved when compared to pure CdS. Thus, the ability to increase the photovoltaic efficiency of CdS-based solar cells, which are widely used in photovoltaic applications, with AC support has been clearly demonstrated. This study presents a new strategy to increase the solar cell efficiency of semiconductor-based solar cell structures using biowaste-based AC supported CdS semiconductor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Batur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Siirt University, 56100, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Sinan Kutluay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Siirt University, 56100, Siirt, Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orhan Baytar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Siirt University, 56100, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Ömer Şahin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sabit Horoz
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sivas University of Science and Technology, 58100, Sivas, Turkey.
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Elango D, Manikandan V, Packialakshmi JS, Hatamleh AA, Alnafisi BK, Liu X, Zhang F, Jayanthi P. Synthesizing Ag 2O x(3 wt%)-loaded ZnFe 2O 4 photocatalysts for efficiently saving polluted aquatic ecosystems. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136983. [PMID: 36306962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report an Ag2Ox (3 wt%)-loaded ZnFe2O4 photocatalysts synthesized by co-precipitation and incipient wet impregnation approach for acetamiprid degradation, antibacterial, antioxidant, and toxicity assay. Initially, bare ZnFe2O4 nanostructures were made through a simple co-precipitation method. In the second step, 3 wt% of various transition metal oxides (CuOx, ZrOx, and Ag2Ox) were embedded on the surface of ZnFe2O4 photocatalysts via a wet impregnation method. Further, the prepared photocatalysts were systematically characterized using XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, BET, HRTEM, and XPS analysis. The optimum Ag2Ox (3 wt%)-loaded ZnFe2O4 photocatalysts revealed higher degradation efficiencies for acetamiprid under sunlight irradiation. Additionally, the Ag2Ox (3 wt%)-loaded ZnFe2O4 photocatalysts showed more effective antioxidant and antibacterial activity than blank and bare ZnFe2O4 nanomaterials. The enriched catalytic efficiency can be accredited to the 3 wt% of Ag2Ox NPs loaded on ZnFe2O4 nanomaterials, possibly due to the boosted transport properties of the electron-hole pairs. This study will provide a new avenue for the development of simple and effective photocatalysts for efficiently saving polluted aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Elango
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China; Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem, 636011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velu Manikandan
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarangno, Nowon-gu, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600 077, India
| | | | - Ashraf Atef Hatamleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassam Khalid Alnafisi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xinghui Liu
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China; Department of Materials Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMTS), Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China.
| | - Palaniyappan Jayanthi
- Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem, 636011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Rajendran S, Priya AK, Senthil Kumar P, Hoang TKA, Sekar K, Chong KY, Khoo KS, Ng HS, Show PL. A critical and recent developments on adsorption technique for removal of heavy metals from wastewater-A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135146. [PMID: 35636612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a quantitative description of the nano-adsorbent processing and its viability against wastewater detoxification by extracting heavy metal ions. The impact of nano-adsorbent functionalities on specific essential attributes such as the surface area, segregation, and adsorption capacity were comprehensively evaluated. A detailed analysis has been presented on the characteristics of nanomaterials through their limited resistance to adsorb some heavy metal ions. Experimental variables such as the adsorbent dosage, pH, substrate concentration, response duration, temperature, and electrostatic force that influence the uptake of metal ions have been studied. Besides, separate models for the adsorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption have been investigated to understand the mechanism behind adsorption. Here, we reviewed the different adsorbent materials with nano-based techniques for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater and especially highlighted the nano adsorption technique. The influencing factors such as pH, temperature, dosage time, sorbent dosage, adsorption capacities, ion concentration, and mechanisms related to the removal of heavy metals by nano composites are highlighted. Lastly, the application potentials and challenges of nano adsorption for environmental remediation are discussed. This critical review would benefit engineers, chemists, and environmental scientists involved in the utilization of nanomaterials for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Rajendran
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez, 1775, Arica, Chile.
| | - A K Priya
- Department of Civil Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, 641027, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India
| | - Tuan K A Hoang
- Centre of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Hydro-Québec, 1806, Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S1, Canada
| | - Karthikeyan Sekar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Kar Yeen Chong
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui Suan Ng
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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