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Tabana LS, Adekoya GJ, Tichapondwa SM. Integrated study of antiretroviral drug adsorption onto calcined layered double hydroxide clay: experimental and computational analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:32282-32300. [PMID: 38649603 PMCID: PMC11133027 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
This study focused on the efficacy of a calcined layered double hydroxide (CLDH) clay in adsorbing two antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs), namely efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP), from wastewater. The clay was synthesized using the co-precipitation method, followed by subsequent calcination in a muffle furnace at 500 °C for 4 h. The neat and calcined clay samples were subjected to various characterization techniques to elucidate their physical and chemical properties. Response surface modelling (RSM) was used to evaluate the interactions between the solution's initial pH, adsorbent loading, reaction temperature, and initial pollutant concentration. Additionally, the adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics, and reusability of the adsorbent were evaluated. The results demonstrated that NVP exhibited a faster adsorption rate than EFV, with both reaching equilibrium within 20-24 h. The pseudo-second order (PSO) model provided a good fit for the kinetics data. Thermodynamics analysis revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, predominantly governed by physisorption interactions. The adsorption isotherms followed the Freundlich model, and the maximum adsorption capacities for EFV and NVP were established to be 2.73 mg/g and 2.93 mg/g, respectively. Evaluation of the adsorption mechanism through computational analysis demonstrated that both NVP and EFV formed stable complexes with CLDH, with NVP exhibiting a higher affinity. The associated adsorption energies were established to be -731.78 kcal/mol for NVP and -512.6 kcal/mol for EFV. Visualized non-covalent interaction (NCI) graphs indicated that hydrogen bonding played a significant role in ARVDs-CLDH interactions, further emphasizing physisorption as the dominant adsorption mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehlogonolo Shane Tabana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Environmental and Water Utilisation Processes Division, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Gbolahan Joseph Adekoya
- Institute of NanoEnginieering Research (INER) & Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shepherd Masimba Tichapondwa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Environmental and Water Utilisation Processes Division, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Salgado Costa C, Bahl F, Natale GS, Mac Loughlin TM, Marino DJG, Venturino A, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Santos LHMLM. First evidence of environmental bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals on adult native anurans (Rhinella arenarum) from Argentina. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122231. [PMID: 37481029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in surface water is well known, whereas their natural occurrence in biota is much less explored. The aim of this work was to evaluate the bioaccumulation of PhACs in adult toads of the neotropical species Rhinella arenarum. Three sites were selected in Buenos Aires (Argentina): a reference site (Site 1), a site with direct discharge from a secondary wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (Site 2) and a site 300 m downstream of the WWTP discharge (Site 3). Surface water samples, as well as muscle, liver and fat bodies of toads were collected, extracted and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Highly significant differences in total PhACs concentration in surface water (p < 0.005) were detected between Site 2 and the other sites. These concentrations ranged from 0.37 to 52.46 ng/L at Site 1, 0.71-6950.37 ng/L at Site 2, and 0.12-75.45 ng/L at Site 3. In general, bioaccumulation of PhACs in toad tissues was similar between sites and tissues of each site. The highest concentrations were detected in the muscle of toads from Site 3 (1.06-87.24 ng/g dw), followed by liver (1.77-38.10 ng/g dw) and fat bodies (0.68-20.59 ng/g dw) from Site 1. Ibuprofen (6950 ng/L), acetaminophen (3277 ng/L) and valsartan (2504 ng/L) were the compounds with the highest concentrations in surface water from Site 2, whereas acetaminophen (87.2 ng/g dw, muscle from Site 3), desloratadine (38.1 ng/g dw, liver from Site 1), and phenazone (25.9 ng/g dw, liver from Site 1) were the ones that showed the highest concentrations in biota. This is the first time a field study has examined the environmental bioaccumulation of PhACs in anurans, demonstrating their potential for monitoring the status of natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salgado Costa
- Centro de Investigaciones Del Medio Ambiente (CIM), CONICET-UNLP, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 Nº 1489, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Bahl
- Centro de Investigaciones Del Medio Ambiente (CIM), CONICET-UNLP, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 Nº 1489, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G S Natale
- Centro de Investigaciones Del Medio Ambiente (CIM), CONICET-UNLP, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 Nº 1489, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - T M Mac Loughlin
- Centro de Investigaciones Del Medio Ambiente (CIM), CONICET-UNLP, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 Nº 1489, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D J G Marino
- Centro de Investigaciones Del Medio Ambiente (CIM), CONICET-UNLP, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 Nº 1489, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Venturino
- CITAAC, CONICET, IBAC, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional Del Comahue, Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - S Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - L H M L M Santos
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
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Venter P, van Onselen R. Evaluating the "wrong-way-round" electrospray ionization of antiretroviral drugs for improved detection sensitivity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1187-1193. [PMID: 36637494 PMCID: PMC9899738 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) in the aquatic environment poses a significant health risk to the ecosystem. The dilution of these compounds during wastewater treatment processes, followed by discharge into the environment, results in extremely low concentrations in the range of ng/L. Therefore, to enable detection of these low concentrations, it is important to determine the most efficient electrospray ionization (ESI) mode using the right mobile phase modifier and to establish a selective extraction procedure. In this study, we compared the ESI intensity in the positive and negative mode using both formic acid (FA) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) as mobile phase modifiers. The results revealed a phenomenon known as the "wrong-way-round" (WWR) ESI in which high intensity [M + H]+ ions were detected under basic conditions using NH4OH as modifier and, similarly, high intensity [M-H]- ions were detected under acidic conditions using FA as modifier. Furthermore, mixed-mode strong cation (MCX) and mixed-mode strong anion (MAX) exchange sorbents were evaluated for extraction recoveries, which yielded extraction recoveries between 60 and 100%. Finally, the recoveries obtained using mixed-mode ion exchange sorbents compared to ion production during the ESI process provide evidence that ions produced in solution do not necessarily reflect the ions that are produced during the ESI process. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to evaluate the optimal ionization mode under basic and acidic conditions, instead of defaulting to the use of acidic modifiers with positive ion detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Venter
- grid.415021.30000 0000 9155 0024Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - Rianita van Onselen
- grid.415021.30000 0000 9155 0024Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
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