Seasonal distribution of antibiotic resistance genes under the influence of land-ocean interaction in a semi-enclosed bay

Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in Rivers entering the sea from the South bank of Laizhou Bay, China

The distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in Laizhou Bay affects the local socio-economic development. The study aimed to investigate the distribution of ARGs in the rivers that flow into the sea around Laizhou Bay's southern shore. Water and sediment samples were collected from different typical sites of rivers entering the sea in Weifang, including Mi River, Bai Lang River, Yu River, Wei River, Jiaolai River, Xiaoqing River and Di River. The species and abundance of ARGs in the sediments were characterized and quantified by macro-genome high-throughput sequencing technology. The species distribution of ARGs was compared. In two sediment samples and seven water samples, 24 ARGs types and 1244 subtypes of ARGs were detected, in which multidrug-resistant class was the main ARGs type and FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (fosB) was the dominant ARGs. The types of ARG in the top ten of these samples were the same, although the proportion was different. Dominant ARG subtypes accounted for more than 50% of all the nine samples. This article provides basic data support for pollution status and environmental risk assessment as well as remediation of ARGs in rivers entering the sea along the south coast of Laizhou Bay.

Longitudinal Analysis of Urban Stormwater Microbiome and Resistome from Watersheds with and without Green Infrastructure using Long-Read Sequencing

Since stormwater conveys a variety of contaminants into water bodies, green infrastructure (GI) is increasingly being adopted as an on-site treatment solution in addition to controlling peak flows. The purpose of this study was to identify differences in microbial water quality of stormwater in watersheds retrofitted with GI vs. those without GI. Considering stormwater is recently recognized as a contributor to the antibiotic resistance (AR) threat, another goal of this study was to characterize changes in the microbiome and collection of AR genes (resistome) of urban stormwater with season, rainfall characteristics, and fecal contamination. MinION long-read sequencing was used to analyze stormwater microbiome and resistome from watersheds with and without GI in Columbus, Ohio, United States, over 18 months. We characterized fecal contamination in stormwater via culturing Escherichia coli and with molecular microbial source tracking (MST) to identify sources of fecal contamination. Overall, season and storm event (rainfall) characteristics had the strongest relationships with changes in the stormwater microbiome and resistome. We found no significant differences in microbial water quality or the microbiome of stormwater in watersheds with and without GI implemented. However, there were differences between the communities of microorganisms hosting antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in stormwater from watersheds with and without GI, indicating the potential sensitivity of AR bacteria to treatment. Stormwater was contaminated with high concentrations of human-associated fecal bacterial genes, and the ARG host bacterial community had considerable similarities to human feces/wastewater. We also identified 15 potential pathogens hosting ARGs in these stormwater resistome, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In summary, urban stormwater is highly contaminated and has a great potential to spread AR and microbial hazards to nearby environments. This study presents the most comprehensive analysis of stormwater microbiome and resistome to date, which is crucial to understanding the potential microbial risk from this matrix. This information can be used to guide future public health policy, stormwater reuse programs, and urban runoff treatment initiatives.

Vermicompost: In situ retardant of antibiotic resistome accumulation in cropland soils

The dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil has become a global environmental issue. Vermicomposting is gaining prominence in agricultural practices as a soil amendment to improve soil quality. However, its impact on soil ARGs remains unclear when it occurs in farmland. We comprehensively explored the evolution and fate of ARGs and their hosts in the field soil profiles under vermicompost application for more than 3 years. Vermicompost application increased several ARG loads in soil environment but decreased the high-risk bla-ARGs (blaampC, blaNDM, and blaGES-1) by log(0.04 - 0.43). ARGs in soil amended with vermicompost primarily occurred in topsoil (approximately 1.04-fold of unfertilized soil), but it is worth noting that their levels in the 40-60 cm soil layer were the same or even less than in the unfertilized soil. The microbial community structure changed in soil profiles after vermicompost application. Vermicompost application altered the microbial community structure in soil profiles, showing that the dominant bacteria (i.e., Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Firmicutes) were decreased 2.62%-5.48% with the increase of soil depth. A network analysis further revealed that most of ARG dominant host bacteria did not migrate from surface soil to deep soil. In particular, those host bacteria harboring high-risk bla-ARGs were primarily concentrated in the surface soil. This study highlights a lower risk of the propagation of ARGs caused by vermicompost application and provides a novel approach to reduce and relieve the dissemination of ARGs derived from animals in agricultural production.

Typical antibiotic resistance genes and their association with driving factors in the coastal areas of Yangtze River Estuary

The massive use of antibiotics has led to the escalation of microbial resistance in aquatic environment, resulting in an increasing concern regarding antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), posing a serious threat to ecological safety and human health. In this study, surface water samples were collected at eight sampling sites along the Yangtze River Estuary. The seasonal and spatial distribution patterns of 10 antibiotics and target genes in two major classes (sulfonamides and tetracyclines) were analyzed. The findings indicated a high prevalence of sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance genes along the Yangtze River Estuary. Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed significant seasonal variations in the abundance of all target genes. The accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes in the coastal area of the Yangtze River Estuary can be attributed to the influence of urban instream runoff and the discharge of effluents from wastewater treatment plants. ANISOM analysis indicated significant seasonal differences in the microbial community structure. VPA showed that environmental factors contribute the most to ARG variation. PLS-PM demonstrate that environmental factors and microbial communities pose direct effect to ARG variation. Analysis of driving factors influencing ARGs in this study may shed new insights into the mechanism of the maintenance and propagation of ARGs.

Investigating the antibiotic resistance genes and their potential risks in the megacity water environment: A case study of Shenzhen Bay Basin, China

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) constitute emerging pollutants and pose serious risks to public health. Anthropogenic activities are recognized as the main driver of ARG dissemination in coastal regions. However, the distribution and dissemination of ARGs in Shenzhen Bay Basin, a typical megacity water environment, have been poorly investigated. Here, we comprehensively profiled ARGs in Shenzhen Bay Basin using metagenomic approaches, and estimated their associated health risks. ARG profiles varied greatly among different sampling locations with total abundance ranging from 2.79 × 10-2 (Shenzhen Bay sediment) to 1.04 (hospital sewage) copies per 16S rRNA gene copy, and 45.4% of them were located on plasmid-like sequences. Sewage treatment plants effluent and the corresponding tributary rivers were identified as the main sources of ARG contamination in Shenzhen Bay. Mobilizable plasmids and complete integrons carrying various ARGs probably participated in the dissemination of ARGs in Shenzhen Bay Basin. Additionally, 19 subtypes were assigned as high-risk ARGs (Rank I), and numerous ARGs were identified in potential human-associated pathogens, such as Burkholderiaceae, Rhodocyclaceae, Vibrionaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Aeromonadaceae. Overall, Shenzhen Bay represented a higher level of ARG risk than the ocean environment based on quantitative risk assessment. This study deepened our understanding of the ARGs and the associated risks in the megacity water environment.

Model of shrimp pond-mediated spatiotemporal dynamic distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the mangrove habitat of a subtropical gulf

Aquacultures are the main reason for the environmental selection of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), resulting in the enrichment of ARGs. As a filter, a marine mangrove ecosystem can reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR) or eliminate ARGs; however, its elimination mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamic distribution of ARGs in two different types of mangrove habitats (shrimp ponds and virgin forests), within a subtropical gulf located in the Beibu Gulf, China, during dry and wet seasons by using metagenomics and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. As the key environmental factors, sulfide, salinity, and mobile genetic elements significantly were found to contribute to ARGs distribution, respectively. Wet and dry seasons influenced the dispersal of ARGs but did not affect the microbial community structure. Three potential biomarkers, TEM-116, smeD, and smeE, played key roles in seasonal differences. The key different genes in the biological relevance of absolute abundance were demonstrated by RT-qPCR. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that high-abundance ARGs were distributed in a modular manner. For the first time, a risk index weighted by risk rank (RIR) was proposed and used to quantify the human risk of ARGs in the mangrove metagenome. The shrimp ponds during the wet season showed the highest RIR detected. In addition to offering a perspective on reducing AMR in mangrove wetlands, this study constructed the first spatiotemporal dynamic model of ARGs in the Beibu Gulf, China and contributed to revealing the global spread of ARGs. Meanwhile, this study proposes a new pipeline for assessing the risk of ARGs, while also exploring the concept of "One Health."

Unraveling the interplay between antibiotic resistance genes and microbial communities in water and sediments of the intensive tidal flat aquaculture

Tidal flats are formed valuably resources by the interaction of terrestrial and marine processes. Aquaculture on tidal flats has brought significant economic profits, but the over usage of antibiotics has resulted in the prevalence antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) which pose serious threats to ecosystems. However, ARG abundances and bacterial community assemblies in the overlying water and sediments of tidal flat aquaculture areas have not been fully explored. Thus, antibiotic concentrations, ARG abundances, microbial communities and the influences of environmental factors in the Jiangsu tidal flat aquaculture ponds were investigated using high-throughput sequencing and qPCR. The concentrations of antibiotics at sampling ranged from not detectable to 2322.4 ng g-1, and sulfamethazine and ciprofloxacin were the dominant antibiotics. The sul1 and sul2 abundances were highest and the ARG abundances were higher in sediment than in water. Meanwhile, bacterial community diversities and structures were significantly different (P < 0.05) between water and sediment samples. Network analysis identified Sphingomonadacear, Pseudomonas, and Xanthobacteraceae as potential ARG-carrying pathogens. A positive correlation between ARGs and intI1 indicated that horizontal gene transfer occurred in water, while antibiotics and TN significantly influenced ARG abundances in sediment. Neutral modeling showed that deterministic and stochastic processes contributed most to the bacterial community assemblies of water and sediment samples, respectively. This study comprehensively illustrates the prevalence of ARGs in intensive tidal flat aquaculture regions and provides an effective foundation for the management of antibiotics usage.

Unraveling antibiotic resistomes associated with bacterial and viral communities in intertidal mudflat aquaculture area

The extensive use of antibiotics in intertidal mudflat aquaculture area has substantially increased the dissemination risk of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). As hosts of ARGs, bacteria and virus exert vital effects on ARG dissemination. However, the insights for the interrelationships among ARGs, bacteria, and virus have not been thoroughly explored in intertidal mudflat. Therefore, this study attempts to unravel the occurrence, dissemination, evolution, and driving mechanisms of ARGs associated with bacterial and viral communities using metagenomic sequencing in a typical intertidal mudflat. Abundant and diverse ARGs (22 types and 437 subtypes) were identified and those of ARGs were higher in spring than in autumn. It is worthy noted that virus occupied a more essential position than bacteria for ARGs dissemination through network analysis. Meanwhile, nitrogen exerted indirect effect on ARG profiles by shaping viral and bacterial diversity. According to the results of neutral and null models, deterministic processes dominated the ARG community assembly by controlling sediment nitrogen and antibiotics. Homogeneous and variable selection dominated phylogenetic turnover of ARG community, contributing 46.15% and 45.90% of the total processes, respectively. This study can hence theoretically support for the ARG pollution control and management in intertidal mudflat aquaculture area.

Regional distribution and migration potential of antibiotic resistance genes in croplands of Qinghai Tibet Plateau

Agricultural activities have recently disturbed the ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the shift of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the different types of farmlands is not well understood, so more comprehensive ecological barrier management measures cannot be provided for the region. This research was performed to exploring ARG pollution in cropland soil on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to obtain information on the geographical and climatic factors shaping the ARG distribution. Based on high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) analysis, the ARG abundance in farmland ranged from 5.66 × 105 to 6.22 × 107 copies per gram of soil higher than previous research at soil and wetland in Qinghai-Tibet plateau, and it was higher in wheat and barley soils than in corn soil. The distribution of ARGs exhibited regional features as ARG abundance was adversely affected by mean annual precipitation and temperature with lower temperature and less rainfall at high altitude. According to network analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM), mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and heavy metals are the key drivers of ARG dissemination on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as they show negative relationship with ARGs, and selection copressure from heavy metals in cropland soil increases the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) potential of ARGs through synergistic selection effects, each contribution to the ARGs was 19% and 29% respectively. This research suggests the need to focus on controlling heavy metals and MGEs to constrain the dissemination of ARGs, as arable soil is already slightly contaminated by heavy metals.

Effects of freeze-thaw dynamics and microplastics on the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in soil aggregates

This is the first study investigating the effects of freeze-thaw (FT) and microplastics (MPs) on the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil aggregates (i.e., soil basic constituent and functional unit) via microcosm experiments. The results showed that FT significantly increased the total relative abundance of target ARGs in different aggregates due to the increase in intI1 and ARG host bacteria. However, polyethylene MPs (PE-MPs) hindered the increase in ARG abundance caused by FT. The host bacteria carrying ARGs and intI1 varied with aggregate size, and the highest number of hosts was observed in micro-aggregates (<0.25 mm). FT and MPs altered host bacteria abundance by affecting aggregate physicochemical properties and bacterial community and enhanced multiple antibiotic resistance via vertical gene transfer. Although the dominant factors affecting ARGs varied with aggregate size, intI1 was a co-dominant factor in various-sized aggregates. Furthermore, other than ARGs, FT, PE-MPs, and their integration promoted the proliferation of human pathogenic bacteria in aggregates. These findings suggested that FT and its integration with MPs significantly affected ARG distribution in soil aggregates. They amplified antibiotic resistance environmental risks, contributing to a profound understanding of soil antibiotic resistance in the boreal region.

Spatiotemporal distributions of sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance genes and microbial communities in the coastal areas of the Yangtze River Estuary

In this paper, water and sediments were sampled at eight monitoring stations in the coastal areas of the Yangtze River Estuary in summer and autumn 2021. Two sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2), six tetracycline resistance genes (tetM, tetC, tetX, tetA, tetO, and tetQ), one integrase gene (intI1), 16 S rRNA genes, and microbial communities were examined and analyzed. Most resistance genes showed relatively higher abundance in summer and lower abundance in autumn. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant seasonal variation of some ARGs (7 ARGs in water and 6 ARGs in sediment). River runoff and WWTPs are proven to be the major sources of resistance genes along the Yangtze River Estuary. Significant and positive correlations between intI1 and other ARGs were found in water samples (P < 0.05), implying that intI1 may influence the spread and propagation of resistance genes in aquatic environments. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum along the Yangtze River Estuary, with an average proportion of 41.7%. Redundancy analysis indicated that the ARGs were greatly affected by temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH in estuarine environments. Network analysis showed that Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria were the potential host phyla for ARGs in the coastal areas of the Yangtze River Estuary.

The reasons for the spatial and media distribution variations of ARGs in a typical semi-enclosed bay

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are considered a newly emerging contaminant. This study aimed to investigate the spatial and media distribution patterns of ARGs in Jiaozhou Bay, as well as the reasons behind these patterns. The results revealed that aminoglycoside and MLSB resistant genes predominated in all samples, and the relative abundance of ARGs ranging from 10^-6 to 10^-2, 10^-6 to 10^-3 and 10^-5 to 10^-2 copies/16S rRNA in coastal water, bay water, and sediments, respectively. The significant spatial variation of ARGs was explained by the fact that the coastal water was more susceptible to human activities, whereas environmental physicochemical factors played a crucial role in the bay water. The intrinsic reason for the media distribution variation was the different assembly processes in the two media, while the external reason was that the ARGs in the water and sediments were mainly influenced by environmental physicochemical factors and heavy metals, respectively.

The prevalence of potential pathogens in ballast water and sediments of oceangoing vessels and implications for management

Ballast water and sediments can serve as prominent vectors for the widespread dispersal of pathogens between geographically distant areas. However, information regarding the diversity and distribution of the bacterial pathogens in ballast water and sediments is highly limited. In this study, using high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR, we investigated the composition and abundance of potential pathogens, and their associations with indicator microorganisms. We accordingly detected 48 potential bacterial pathogens in the assessed ballast water and sediments, among which there were significant differences in the compositions and abundances of pathogenic bacterial communities characterizing ballast water and sediments. Rhodococcus erythropolis, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Vibrio campbellii were identified as predominant pathogens in ballast water, whereas Pseudomonas stutzeri, Mycobacterium paragordonae, and Bacillus anthracis predominated in ballast sediments. Bacteroidetes, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Escherichia coli were generally detected with median values of 8.54 × 10³-1.22 × 10⁷ gene copies (GC)/100 mL and 1.16 × 10⁷-3.97 × 10⁹ GC/100 g in ballast water and sediments, respectively. Notably, the concentrations of Shigella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and V. alginolyticus were significantly higher in ballast sediments than in the water. In addition, our findings tend to confirm that the indicator species specified by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) might underestimate the pathogen risk in the ballast water and sediments, as these bacteria were unable to predict some potential pathogens assessed in this study. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive insight into the spectrum of the potential pathogens that transferred by ship ballast tanks and emphasizes the need for the implementation of IMO convention on ballast sediment management.

Exploring the variation of bacterial community and nitrogen transformation functional genes under the pressure of heavy metals in different coastal mariculture patterns

Equilibrium in microbial dynamics and nitrogen transformation in the sediment is critical for maintaining healthy mariculture environment. However, our understanding about the impact of heavy metals on the bacterial community and nitrogen transformation functional genes in different mariculture patterns is still limited. Here, we analyzed 30 sediment samples in the vertical distribution from three different mariculture patterns mainly include open mariculture zone (K), closed mariculture pond (F) and pristine marine area (Q). Illumina MiSeq Sequencing was applied to investigate the bacterial community and structure in the sediment. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to determine the effect of heavy metals on nitrogen transformation functional genes. Results showed that bacterial community and structure varied greatly in different mariculture patterns. Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria and Desulfobacterota were predominant phyla in the coastal mariculture area. High concentrations of heavy metals mainly enriched in the up layer (5-40 cm) of the sediment in the mariculture zone. The abundance of functional genes in the closed mariculture pond was much higher than the open mariculture zone and pristine marine area. And the high abundance of nitrification and denitrification functional genes mainly accumulated at the depth from 5 cm to 40 cm. Heavy metals content such as Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, As, Cd, Pb and nutrient content NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N and NO₂^--N were highly associated with bacterial community and nitrogen transformation functional genes. This study comprehensively elaborated the effect of heavy metals on the bacterial community and nitrogen transformation functional genes in different coastal mariculture patterns, indicating the possible role of closed mariculture pond in reducing nitrogen transformation efficiency, which will provide useful information for preventing pollution risk in the mariculture area.