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Comanescu C, Racovita RC. An Overview of Degradation Strategies for Amitriptyline. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3822. [PMID: 38612638 PMCID: PMC11012176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antidepressant drugs play a crucial role in the treatment of mental health disorders, but their efficacy and safety can be compromised by drug degradation. Recent reports point to several drugs found in concentrations ranging from the limit of detection (LOD) to hundreds of ng/L in wastewater plants around the globe; hence, antidepressants can be considered emerging pollutants with potential consequences for human health and wellbeing. Understanding and implementing effective degradation strategies are essential not only to ensure the stability and potency of these medications but also for their safe disposal in line with current environment remediation goals. This review provides an overview of degradation pathways for amitriptyline, a typical tricyclic antidepressant drug, by exploring chemical routes such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and photodegradation. Connex issues such as stability-enhancing approaches through formulation and packaging considerations, regulatory guidelines, and quality control measures are also briefly noted. Specific case studies of amitriptyline degradation pathways forecast the future perspectives and challenges in this field, helping researchers and pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide guidelines for the most effective degradation pathways employed for minimal environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Comanescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Radu C. Racovita
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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Liang C, Wei Z, Bester K. Transformation mechanisms of the antidepressant citalopram in a moving bed biofilm reactor: Substrate-depended pathways, eco-toxicities and enantiomeric profiles. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121245. [PMID: 38335750 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Citalopram (CIT) is one of the most consumed antidepressants and frequently detected in aquatic environments worldwide. Conventional wastewater treatment cannot remove this neuronal active pharmaceutical efficiently. Past studies showed that moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) can degrade CIT but the exact transformation pathways and toxicity reduction remained unclear. In this study, the effects of substrate stimulation on CIT transformation in an MBBR were systematically investigated. The results showed that a co-metabolic stimulation by acetate increased the transformation rate by 54 % and 24 % at high (300 μg/L) and environmental concentration (1.8 μg/L) of CIT, respectively. Conversely, the complex substrates in raw wastewater reduced the reaction rates by 44 %, suggesting a competitive inhibition on the enzymatic sites. The substrate stimulation changed the enantiomeric fraction (EF) of CIT from racemic (EF=0.5) to 0.60 at the high CIT concentrations, while those at lower concentrations resulted in an EF of 0.33, indicating that probably different enantioselective enzymes degraded CIT at high concentrations than at low concentrations, i.e., the presence of 300 µg/L CIT was possibly sufficient to induce the synthesis of different enantioselective enzymes, than those originally present. Through non-target and target analysis, in total 19 transformation products (TPs) including 7 TPs that were hitherto not mentioned in the literature were identified. Among these were quaternary amines, alkenes and conjugate TPs. The major transformation pathways were a) nitrile hydrolysis (up to 43 %), b) amide hydrolysis, and c) N-oxidation. Dosing acetate up-regulated significantly the amide hydrolysis, N-oxidation and conjugation pathways but inhibited the N-demethylation and α-carbon hydroxylation pathways. The in-silico toxicity assessment of CIT and its TPs suggested the overall eco-toxic potential of TPs was reduced by MBBR. Furthermore, the degradation under carbon-limited (famine) conditions favored the formation of the more toxic carboxamide, N-desmethyl and alkene TPs, while carbon-rich conditions, promoted the production of the less toxic carboxylic acid, N-oxide and ester TPs. Therefore, this study demonstrated that a) the co-metabolic stimulation of CIT metabolization by dosing a simple carbon source or b) inhibition of CIT metabolization by complex substrates; c) substrate stimulation made a difference on CIT transformation rates, enantiomeric profiles, pathways and toxic potentials. Overall, a simple-carbon co-metabolic stimulated MBBR was an efficient up-regulation strategy to minimize hazardous CIT and CIT-TPs as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhou Liang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Zhiyu Wei
- Hubei Fisheries Science Research Institute, Donghu Road 145, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark.
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Bozyiğit GD, Zaman BT, Özdemir OK, Kılınç Y, Chormey DS, Bakırdere S, Engin GO. Removal of two antidepressant active pharmaceutical ingredients from hospital wastewater by polystyrene-coated magnetite nanoparticles-assisted batch adsorption process. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 196:77. [PMID: 38135867 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This study employed simple polystyrene-coated magnetite nanoparticles (PS@MNPs)-assisted batch adsorption process for the removal of two antidepressant active ingredients (amitriptyline HCl and sertraline HCl) from hospital wastewater. Dominant parameters of the adsorption process including pH, adsorbent amount, and contact period were optimized through the univariate approach to enhance the adsorption efficiency. Upon reaching optimum adsorption conditions, equilibrium experiments were performed by spiking the adsorbates in hospital wastewater in the concentration range of 100-2000 μg/L. The concentrations of the adsorbates in the effluent were calculated using the matrix-matching calibration strategy to enhance the accuracy of quantification. A validated switchable solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (SS-LPME) method was employed to enrich the two active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) prior to sensitive determination with GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The equilibrium data were mathematically modeled employing the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The isotherm constants were calculated, and the results showed that both the isotherm models fitted well with the experimental data. The efficient and simple batch adsorption strategy reported in this study was successfully employed to remove amitriptyline HCl and sertraline HCl from hospital wastewater at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Dalgıç Bozyiğit
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Buse Tuğba Zaman
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Oğuz Kaan Özdemir
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yağmur Kılınç
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Türkiye
| | - Dotse Selali Chormey
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Yildiz Technical University, Neutec Pharmaceutical, Technopark, 34220, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No: 112, 06670, Çankaya, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Guleda Onkal Engin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Türkiye
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Zhang H, He Y, He M, Yang Q, Ding G, Mo Y, Liu Z, Gao P. Construction of cubic CaTiO 3 perovskite modified by highly-dispersed cobalt for efficient catalytic degradation of psychoactive pharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132191. [PMID: 37544175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate radical mediated advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have emerged as a promising alternative for emerging contaminants degradation. However, high activity and great stability are commonly difficult to juggle, and the structure-activity correlations are still ambiguous. This study constructed the cubic CaTiO3 perovskite modified by highly-dispersed cobalt for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation to improve the specific lattice plane exposure and reduce the metal leaching simultaneously. 98% of amitriptyline (AMT) degradation was achieved within 60 min under the condition of 200 mg/L Co0.1-CTO and 100 mg/L PMS. The results indicated that surface Co2+/Co3+ redox couple and lattice oxygen were responsible for PMS activation, and the evolution of ·OH, SO4·- and 1O2 were revealed. According to density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the highly-dispersed Co on cubic surface effectively captured PMS and promoted electron transfer for the generation of ·OH and SO4·-, while more oxygen atoms exposed on Co0.1-CTO(200) surface facilitated the generation of 1O2. Briefly, this study provides a novel strategy of catalyst synthesis in PMS activation for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjun Zhang
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Hangzhou International Urbanology Research Center and Center for Zhejiang Urban Governance Studies, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunyi He
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengfan He
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiyue Yang
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoyi Ding
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanshuai Mo
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Panpan Gao
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Demissie N, Simha P, Lai FY, Ahrens L, Mussabek D, Desta A, Vinnerås B. Degradation of 75 organic micropollutants in fresh human urine and water by UV advanced oxidation process. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120221. [PMID: 37390654 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
In household wastewater, a large proportion of organic micropollutants (OMPs) load is attributed to human urine. OMPs could pose a risk to human and environmental health when urine collected in source-separating sanitation systems is recycled as crop fertiliser. This study evaluated degradation of 75 OMPs in human urine treated by a UV-based advanced oxidation process. Fresh urine and water samples were spiked with a broad range of OMPs and fed into a photoreactor equipped with a UV lamp (185 and 254 nm) that generated free radicals in situ. Degradation rate constant and the energy required to degrade 90% of all the OMPs in both matrices were determined. At a UV dose of 2060 J m-2, average ΣOMP degradation of 99% (±4%) in water and 55% (±36%) in fresh urine was achieved. The energy demand for removal of OMPs in water was <1500 J m-2, but for removal of OMPs in urine at least 10-fold more energy was needed. A combination of photolysis and photo-oxidation can explain the degradation of OMPs during UV treatment. Organic substances (e.g. urea, creatinine) likely inhibited degradation of OMPs in urine by competitively absorbing UV-light and scavenging free radicals. There was no reduction in the nitrogen content of urine during treatment. In summary, UV treatment can reduce the load of OMPs to urine recycling sanitation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natnael Demissie
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Box 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Prithvi Simha
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dauren Mussabek
- Division of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, Box 118 SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Adey Desta
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Box 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Björn Vinnerås
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Valdivia-Berroeta GA, Gonnella NC. N-oxidation Regioselectivity and Risk Prediction Using DFT-ALIE Calculations. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1873-1883. [PMID: 37386273 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The formation of N-oxide degradants is a major concern in development of new drugs due to potential effects on a compound's pharmacological activity. Such effects include but are not limited to solubility, stability, toxicity, and efficacy. In addition, these chemical transformations can impact physicochemical properties that affect drug manufacturability. Hence identification and control of N-oxide transformations is of critical importance in the development of new therapeutics. OBJECTIVE This study describes the development of an in-silico approach to identify N-oxide formation in APIs with respect to autoxidation. METHODS Average Local Ionization Energy (ALIE) calculations were carried out using molecular modeling techniques and application of Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. A total of 257 nitrogen atoms and 15 different oxidizable nitrogen types were used in developing this method. RESULTS The results show that ALIE could be reliably used to predict the most susceptible nitrogen for N-oxide formation. A risk scale was developed that rapidly categorizes nitrogen's oxidative vulnerabilities as small, medium, or high. CONCLUSIONS The developed process presents a powerful tool to identify structural susceptibilities for N-oxidation as well as enabling rapid structure elucidation in resolving potential experimental ambiguities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Valdivia-Berroeta
- Department of Material and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., P.O. Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA.
| | - Nina C Gonnella
- Department of Material and Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., P.O. Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA.
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