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Ahmed AIM, Macirella R, Talarico F, Muoio MF, Mezzasalma M, Tronci V, Lal P, Gharbi N, Brunelli E. Effect of short-term exposure to the strobilurin fungicide dimoxystrobin: Morphofunctional, behavioural and mitochondrial alterations in Danio rerio embryos and larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116493. [PMID: 38805825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Strobilurins, among the most used fungicides worldwide, are considered non-toxic to mammals and birds, but there is growing evidence that these compounds are highly toxic to aquatic species. Dimoxystrobin has been included in the 3rd Watch List of the European Commission, and it has been classified as very toxic to aquatic life. However, previous studies focused on acute toxicity and only two reports are available on its impact on fish, and none on its effects during the early life stages. Here, we evaluated for the first time the effects induced on zebrafish embryos and larvae by two dimoxystrobin sublethal concentrations (6.56 and 13.13 μg/L) falling in the range of predicted environmental concentrations. We demonstrated that short-term exposure to dimoxystrobin may exert adverse effects on multiple targets, inducing severe morphological alterations. Moreover, we showed enhanced mRNA levels of genes related to the mitochondrial respiratory chain and ATP production. Impairment of the swim bladder inflation has also been recorded, which may be related to the observed swimming performance alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalmoiz I M Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Rachele Macirella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Federica Talarico
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria F Muoio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Marcello Mezzasalma
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Valentina Tronci
- Fish Biology and Aquaculture Group, Ocean and Environment Department, NORCE Norwegian Research Center, Bergen 5006, Norway
| | - Pradeep Lal
- Fish Biology and Aquaculture Group, Ocean and Environment Department, NORCE Norwegian Research Center, Bergen 5006, Norway
| | - Naouel Gharbi
- Fish Biology and Aquaculture Group, Ocean and Environment Department, NORCE Norwegian Research Center, Bergen 5006, Norway.
| | - Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST) - University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy.
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Varshney S, Lundås M, Siriyappagouder P, Kristensen T, Olsvik PA. Ecotoxicological assessment of Cu-rich acid mine drainage of Sulitjelma mine using zebrafish larvae as an animal model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115796. [PMID: 38061085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widely acknowledged as a substantial threat to the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems. The present study aimed to study the toxicological effects of Cu-rich AMD from the Sulitjelma mine in zebrafish larvae. The AMD from this mine was found to contain elevated levels of dissolved metals including Mg (46.7 mg/L), Al (20.2 mg/L), Cu (18.3 mg/L), Fe (19.8 mg/L) and Zn (10.6 mg/L). To investigate the toxicological effects, the study commenced by exposing zebrafish embryos to various concentrations of AMD (ranging from 0.75% to 9%) to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50). Results showed that 96 h LC50 for zebrafish larvae following AMD exposure was 2.86% (95% CI: 2.32-3.52%). Based on acute toxicity results, zebrafish embryos (<2 hpf) were exposed to 0.1% AMD (Cu: 21.7 µg/L) and 0.45% AMD (Cu: 85.7 µg/L) for 96 h to assess development, swimming behaviour, heart rate, respiration and transcriptional responses at 116 hpf. Light microscopy results showed that both 0.1% and 0.45% AMD reduced the body length, eye size and swim bladder area of zebrafish larvae and caused phenotypic abnormalities. Swimming behaviour results showed that 0.45% AMD significantly decreased the locomotion of zebrafish larvae. Heart rate was not affected by AMD exposure. Furthermore, exposure caused a significant increase in oxygen consumption indicating vascular stress in developing larvae. Taken altogether, the study shows that even heavily diluted AMD with environmentally relevant levels of Cu caused toxicity in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Varshney
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Mikkel Lundås
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | | | - Pål A Olsvik
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
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